Soil - Its Nature and Origin | p. 1 |
The Origin of Soil | p. 3 |
Physical or Mechanical Weathering | p. 3 |
Chemical Weathering - The Gate to Pedogenesis | p. 3 |
Weathering by Biological Agents | p. 5 |
The Pedogenic Cycle - A Cycle within the Global Sedimentary Cycle | p. 6 |
Transport Routes and Material Transfer within the Soil Body | p. 6 |
Factors Controlling Soil Formation | p. 10 |
Morphology of Soil | p. 11 |
Soil Constituents | p. 15 |
The Mineral Solid Phase | p. 15 |
The Orthosilicates | p. 16 |
Chain Silicates or Inosilicates | p. 17 |
Sheet Silicates or Phyllosilicates | p. 18 |
Framework Silicates or Tectosilicates | p. 23 |
Organic Matter and Soil Organisms | p. 23 |
Soil Organisms | p. 25 |
Dead Organic Matter | p. 28 |
The Liquid Phase - Soil Water | p. 42 |
Composition of Soil Waters | p. 44 |
The Gaseous Phase - Soil Air, Origin, Composition and Properties | p. 44 |
Soil Properties | p. 47 |
Physical Properties | p. 47 |
Colour | p. 47 |
Texture | p. 47 |
Structure | p. 47 |
Consistence | p. 48 |
Porosity | p. 49 |
Chemical Properties | p. 50 |
Soil Acidity (pH) | p. 50 |
Iron Exchange | p. 51 |
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) | p. 52 |
The Interaction of Organic Soil Matter with Mineral Components | p. 53 |
Oxidation-Reduction Status | p. 55 |
Soil Types and Classification | p. 57 |
The Soil Taxonomy System - Criteria of Classification | p. 57 |
Morphological Criteria of Classification in the Soil Taxonomy System (Diagnostic Horizons) | p. 57 |
Description of the Environmental Criteria of Classification | p. 60 |
Description of the Chemical Criteria of Classification | p. 62 |
Categories of the Taxonomy System Based on the Criteria of Classification | p. 63 |
The Soil Orders of Taxonomy | p. 63 |
The FAO-UNESCO Soil Classification System | p. 88 |
Description of the Reference Soil Groups of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) | p. 88 |
Relation Between the WRB System and the USDA Taxonomy System | p. 92 |
Other Systems of Classification | p. 92 |
Examples of National Systems | p. 93 |
Soil Degradation | p. 95 |
Soil Degradation and Soil Quality | p. 95 |
Biological Indicators of Soil Quality - Soil Respiration Rates | p. 95 |
Physical Indicators of Soil Quality | p. 96 |
Chemical Indicators of Soil Quality | p. 98 |
Physical Soil Degradation | p. 100 |
Soil Erosion | p. 100 |
Soil Compaction | p. 105 |
Soil Crusting and Sealing | p. 108 |
Chemical Soil Degradation | p. 110 |
Acidification | p. 110 |
Salinization and Sodification | p. 112 |
Soil Pollution | p. 115 |
Major Types of Soil Pollutants | p. 117 |
Heavy Metals and Their Salts | p. 117 |
Heavy Metals and the Soil System | p. 121 |
Transport of Heavy Metals within the Soil System | p. 121 |
Bioavailability of Heavy Metals | p. 122 |
Biochemical Effects of Heavy Metals | p. 123 |
Major Environmental Accidents Involving Pollution by Heavy Metals | p. 124 |
Other Inorganic Pollutants | p. 127 |
Radionuclides | p. 128 |
Speciation and Behaviour of Radionuclides in the Soil System | p. 129 |
Uptake of Radionuclides by Plants | p. 131 |
Nuclear Debris from Weapon Tests and Belligerent Activities | p. 131 |
Nuclear Debris from Major Nuclear Accidents | p. 133 |
Sources of Soil Pollution | p. 137 |
Pollutants of Agrochemical Sources | p. 137 |
Insecticides | p. 139 |
Herbicides | p. 144 |
Fungicides | p. 146 |
Fuel Spills in Farms | p. 147 |
Soil Pollutants of Urban Sources | p. 147 |
Power Generation Emissions | p. 148 |
Soil Pollution through Transport Activities | p. 148 |
Soil Pollution by Waste and Sewage Sludge | p. 151 |
Soil Pollution through Chemical Warfare | p. 153 |
Pollutants, Toxic Chemicals, and Chemical Weapons | p. 155 |
Soil Pollution by Military Activities During the Cold War | p. 162 |
Soil Pollution through Biological Warfare (BW) | p. 165 |
Bacteria | p. 166 |
Viruses | p. 168 |
Rickettsiae | p. 171 |
Chlamydia | p. 171 |
Fungi | p. 172 |
Toxins | p. 172 |
Pollution Mechanisms and Soil-Pollutants Interaction | p. 175 |
Physical Processes and Mechanisms of Pollution | p. 175 |
Adsorptive Retention | p. 177 |
Nonadsorptive Retention | p. 187 |
Contaminants Transport | p. 189 |
Microscopic Dispersion: Molecular Diffusion | p. 190 |
Macroscopic Dispersion | p. 192 |
Behaviour of Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLs) in Soils | p. 194 |
NAPLs Lighter than Water (LNAPLs) | p. 195 |
NAPLs Denser than Water (DNAPLs) | p. 196 |
Pollutants' Alternation, Transformation, and Initiation of Chemical Changes within the Soil | p. 199 |
Processes Related to Chemical Mobility | p. 199 |
Immiscible Phase Separation | p. 199 |
Acid-Base Equilibrium | p. 200 |
Dissolution-Precipitation Reactions | p. 202 |
Chemical Transformation Processes | p. 202 |
Hydrolysis | p. 206 |
Biodegradation and Biologically Supported Transformations | p. 206 |
Enzymatic Transformations: A Primer on Enzymes, Their Types and Mode of Action | p. 207 |
The Hydrolases | p. 209 |
The Transferases | p. 211 |
The Oxidoreductases | p. 216 |
The Lyases | p. 218 |
The Ligases | p. 218 |
Transformations Assisted by Bacterial Action | p. 219 |
Sulphur Bacteria | p. 220 |
Nitrifying Bacteria | p. 221 |
Iron Oxidising Bacteria | p. 222 |
Methane Oxidising Bacteria | p. 222 |
Hydrogen Bacteria | p. 222 |
Monitoring of Soil Pollution | p. 223 |
Monitoring and Monitoring Plans | p. 225 |
Site Characterisation | p. 226 |
Data Acquisition | p. 227 |
Sampling-Planning and Realisation | p. 228 |
Sampling Procedures | p. 229 |
Field and Laboratory Investigations | p. 234 |
Investigation of Solid Matter | p. 234 |
Investigation of Solid Solution | p. 235 |
Monitoring of Groundwater Flows | p. 237 |
The Different zones of Groundwater | p. 237 |
Monitoring Flow Directions | p. 238 |
Monitoring Hydraulic Heads | p. 239 |
Measuring Hydraulic Heads in the Vadose Zone | p. 240 |
Biological Monitoring | p. 241 |
Planning and Implementation of Biological Monitoring | p. 242 |
Foliage Sampling and Investigation | p. 243 |
Chemical Investigation of Foliage | p. 243 |
Sampling and Investigation of Litterfall | p. 243 |
Modelling of Soil Pollution | p. 245 |
Models and Their Construction | p. 247 |
Types of Models | p. 248 |
Space Analogue Models | p. 248 |
Mathematical Modelling of Fluid Flows in Soil | p. 252 |
Soil Remediation | p. 263 |
Planning and Realisation of Soil Remediation | p. 265 |
Categories of Pollutants | p. 265 |
Scale of Pollution | p. 266 |
Risk Level | p. 267 |
Remediation Technologies | p. 267 |
Chemical and Physical Remedial Techniques | p. 269 |
Biological Treatment (Bioremediation) | p. 273 |
Solidification/Stabilisation Methods | p. 279 |
Thermal Treatment | p. 280 |
References | p. 283 |
Index | p. 301 |
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