Energy and Climate Change | p. 1 |
General | p. 1 |
Energy and Climate | p. 3 |
Energy and Society | p. 5 |
Energy and Industry | p. 10 |
Energy and the Economy | p. 12 |
Energy and the Atmospheric Environment | p. 13 |
Energy and the Future | p. 17 |
References | p. 18 |
Atmospheric Environment and Renewable Energy | p. 21 |
General | p. 21 |
Weather, Climate, and Climate Change | p. 22 |
Atmosphere and Its Natural Composition | p. 26 |
Anthropogenic Composition of the Atmosphere | p. 28 |
Carbon Dioxide (CO[subscript 2]) | p. 29 |
Methane (CH[subscript 4]) | p. 30 |
Nitrous Oxide (N[subscript 2]O) | p. 31 |
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) | p. 31 |
Water Vapor (H[subscript 2]O) | p. 31 |
Aerosols | p. 33 |
Energy Dynamics in the Atmosphere | p. 34 |
Renewable Energy Alternatives and Climate Change | p. 35 |
Solar Energy | p. 36 |
Wind Energy | p. 37 |
Hydropower Energy | p. 38 |
Biomass Energy | p. 39 |
Wave Energy | p. 40 |
Hydrogen Energy | p. 41 |
Energy Units | p. 43 |
References | p. 44 |
Solar Radiation Deterministic Models | p. 47 |
General | p. 47 |
The Sun | p. 47 |
Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum | p. 51 |
Energy Balance of the Earth | p. 55 |
Earth Motion | p. 57 |
Solar Radiation | p. 61 |
Irradiation Path | p. 64 |
Solar Constant | p. 66 |
Solar Radiation Calculation | p. 67 |
Estimation of Clear-Sky Radiation | p. 70 |
Solar Parameters | p. 72 |
Earth's Eccentricity | p. 72 |
Solar Time | p. 72 |
Useful Angles | p. 74 |
Solar Geometry | p. 77 |
Cartesian and Spherical Coordinate System | p. 78 |
Zenith Angle Calculation | p. 85 |
Solar Energy Calculations | p. 87 |
Daily Solar Energy on a Horizontal Surface | p. 88 |
Solar Energy on an Inclined Surface | p. 91 |
Sunrise and Sunset Hour Angles | p. 93 |
References | p. 98 |
Linear Solar Energy Models | p. 101 |
General | p. 101 |
Solar Radiation and Daylight Measurement | p. 102 |
Instrument Error and Uncertainty | p. 103 |
Operational Errors | p. 104 |
Diffuse-Irradiance Data Measurement Errors | p. 105 |
Statistical Evaluation of Models | p. 106 |
Coefficient of Determination (R[superscript 2]) | p. 109 |
Coefficient of Correlation (r) | p. 110 |
Mean Bias Error, Mean of Absolute Deviations, and Root Mean Square Error | p. 111 |
Outlier Analysis | p. 112 |
Linear Model | p. 113 |
Angstrom Model (AM) | p. 116 |
Successive Substitution (SS) Model | p. 120 |
Unrestricted Model (UM) | p. 126 |
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Model | p. 133 |
Linear Cluster Method (LCM) | p. 140 |
References | p. 147 |
Non-Linear Solar Energy Models | p. 151 |
General | p. 151 |
Classic Non-Linear Models | p. 151 |
Simple Power Model (SPM) | p. 156 |
Estimation of Model Parameters | p. 157 |
Comparison of Different Models | p. 159 |
Solar Irradiance Polygon Model (SIPM) | p. 160 |
Triple Solar Irradiation Model (TSIM) | p. 168 |
Triple Drought-Solar Irradiation Model (TDSIM) | p. 172 |
Fuzzy Logic Model (FLM) | p. 176 |
Fuzzy Sets and Logic | p. 177 |
Fuzzy Algorithm Application for Solar Radiation | p. 179 |
Geno-Fuzzy Model (GFM) | p. 186 |
Monthly Principal Component Model (MPCM) | p. 188 |
Parabolic Monthly Irradiation Model (PMIM) | p. 196 |
Solar Radiation Estimation from Ambient Air Temperature | p. 202 |
References | p. 206 |
Spatial Solar Energy Models | p. 209 |
General | p. 209 |
Spatial Variability | p. 210 |
Linear Interpolation | p. 212 |
Geometric Weighting Function | p. 214 |
Cumulative Semivariogram (CSV) and Weighting Function | p. 216 |
Standard Spatial Dependence Function (SDF) | p. 217 |
Regional Estimation | p. 220 |
Cross-Validation | p. 221 |
Spatial Interpolation | p. 226 |
General Application | p. 228 |
References | p. 236 |
Solar Radiation Devices and Collectors | p. 239 |
General | p. 239 |
Solar Energy Alternatives | p. 239 |
Heat Transfer and Losses | p. 241 |
Conduction | p. 242 |
Convection | p. 243 |
Radiation | p. 244 |
Collectors | p. 245 |
Flat Plate Collectors | p. 246 |
Tracking Collectors | p. 249 |
Focusing (Concentrating) Collectors | p. 250 |
Tilted Collectors | p. 252 |
Solar Pond Collectors | p. 253 |
Photo-Optical Collectors | p. 253 |
Photovoltaic (PV) Cells | p. 256 |
Fuel Cells | p. 259 |
Hydrogen Storage and Transport | p. 259 |
Solar Energy Home | p. 260 |
Solar Energy and Desalination Plants | p. 261 |
Future Expectations | p. 262 |
References | p. 264 |
A Simple Explanation of Beta Distribution | p. 267 |
A Simple Power Model | p. 269 |
Index | p. 273 |
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |