| Acknowledgements | p. ix |
| Introduction: Overview, definitions and layout of the book | p. 1 |
| Concepts of space and the senses: A brief historical perspective | p. 7 |
| From Socrates to Weber and Wundt | p. 7 |
| Touch and vision in the twentieth century | p. 10 |
| Some legacies and implications | p. 22 |
| Spatial coding as integrative processing of inputs from vision, touch and movement: The reference hypothesis | p. 27 |
| Interrelations between vision, touch and movement | p. 27 |
| Neuropsychological evidence and crossmodal effects | p. 31 |
| Vision and blindness | p. 34 |
| Experiments with blind children | p. 37 |
| Cerebral plasticity and blindness | p. 41 |
| Theoretical assumptions: Integrative processing of inputs from diverse sources | p. 42 |
| What is specifically spatial about spatial information? | p. 43 |
| Questions raised by the proposed model | p. 45 |
| Reference cues in large-scale space | p. 47 |
| Initial sight or sound of a target or goal | p. 47 |
| Reference information in urban environments | p. 49 |
| Locomotion in large-scale spaces without stable reference cues | p. 51 |
| A method and results on veering by blind children | p. 54 |
| Spatial knowledge, geometric inference and perceptual cues | p. 68 |
| Hand movements and spatial reference in shapes and small-scale space | p. 71 |
| Finger movements and coding braille characters as shapes | p. 72 |
| Spatial coding and lateral scanning movements in text reading | p. 77 |
| Which hand is best? Spatial coding with the left and right hand | p. 86 |
| Hand movements and spatial reference for larger non-verbal displays | p. 88 |
| Haptic spatial coding and hand effects: A test of two hypotheses | p. 89 |
| Summary: Spatial coding and movement information in haptic perception | p. 96 |
| External and body-centred reference in haptic memory | p. 99 |
| Body-centred and external reference and modality systems | p. 100 |
| Neurophysiological evidence for body-centred and externally based reference | p. 104 |
| Indications from observation | p. 106 |
| Testing external and body-centred reference in haptic tasks | p. 108 |
| Practical and theoretical implications of the findings discussed in this chapter | p. 114 |
| Visual illusions that occur in touch | p. 119 |
| The vertical-horizontal illusion | p. 121 |
| Testing the radial/tangential movement hypothesis | p. 125 |
| Illusions in shapes consisting of bisecting and bisected lines | p. 132 |
| Conclusions | p. 139 |
| Muller-Lyer shapes | p. 143 |
| Previous evidence on the Muller-Lyer illusion | p. 145 |
| Movement time and distinctive features in the haptic illusion | p. 150 |
| Shape-based discrepancies in length or size and added reference information | p. 154 |
| Chance or spatial processing of sensory inputs? | p. 158 |
| What does vision contribute to touch? | p. 161 |
| Stimulus-response compatibility and irrelevant spatial cues | p. 162 |
| When and why is spatial vision "noninformative"? | p. 163 |
| What aspects of vision facilitate haptic performance? | p. 170 |
| Summary and conclusions | p. 178 |
| How far have we got? Where are we going? | p. 181 |
| Moving through large-scale space: Inferences from veering | p. 182 |
| Finger movements and spatial coding in small-scale space | p. 182 |
| External cues can be used for reference in haptic tasks | p. 186 |
| Common factors in illusions by touch and vision | p. 188 |
| Vision improves haptic recall of locations only if it affords additional reference cues | p. 189 |
| Conclusions and outlook | p. 190 |
| References | p. 195 |
| Author index | p. 221 |
| Subject index | p. 229 |
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