Stress Corrosion Cracking

Contributor contact details List of reviewers Foreword Preface Part I: Fundamental aspects of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and hydrogen embrittlement Chapter 1: Mechanistic and fractographic aspects of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) Abstract: 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Quantitative measures of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) 1.3 Basic phenomenology of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) 1.4 Metallurgical variables affecting stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) 1.5 Environmental variables affecting stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) 1.6 Surface-science observations 1.7 Proposed mechanisms of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) 1.8 Determining the viability and applicability of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) mechanisms 1.9 Transgranular stress-corrosion cracking (T-SCC) in model systems 1.10 Intergranular stress-corrosion cracking (I-SCC) in model systems 1.11 Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in some commercial alloys 1.12 General discussion of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) mechanisms 1.13 Conclusions 1.14 Acknowledgements Chapter 2: Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) phenomena and mechanisms Abstract: 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Proposed mechanisms of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) and supporting evidence 2.3 Relative contributions of various mechanisms for different fracture modes 2.4 General comments 2.5 Conclusions Part II: Test methods for determining stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibilities Chapter 3: Testing and evaluation methods for stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in metals Abstract: 3.1 Introduction 3.2 General aspects of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) testing 3.3 Smooth specimens 3.4 Pre-cracked specimens - the fracture mechanics approach to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3.5 The elastic-plastic fracture mechanics approach to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3.6 The use of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) data 3.7 Standards and procedures for stress corrosion cracking (SCC) testing 3.8 Future trends Part III: Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in specific materials Chapter 4: Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in low and medium strength carbon steels Abstract: 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Dissolution-dominated stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 4.3 Hydrogen embrittlement-dominated stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 4.4 Conclusions Chapter 5: Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in stainless steels Abstract: 5.1 Introduction to stainless steels 5.2 Introduction to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of stainless steels 5.3 Environments causing stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 5.4 Effect of chemical composition on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 5.5 Microstructure and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 5.6 Nature of the grain boundary and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 5.7 Residual stress and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 5.8 Surface finishing and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 5.9 Other fabrication techniques and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 5.10 Controlling stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 5.11 Sources of further information 5.12 Conclusions Chapter 6: Factors affecting stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and fundamental mechanistic understanding of stainless steels Abstract: 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Metallurgical/material factors 6.3 Environmental factors 6.4 Mechanical factors 6.5 Elemental mechanism and synergistic effects for complex stress corrosion cracking (SCC) systems 6.6 Typical components and materials used in ressurized water reactors (PWR) and boiling Water reactors (BWR) Chapter 7: Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of nickel-based alloys Abstract: 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The family of nickel alloys 7.3 Environmental cracking behavior of nickel alloys 7.4 Resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) by application 7.5 Conclusions Chapter 8: Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of aluminium alloys Abstract: 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) mechanisms 8.3 Factors affecting stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 8.4 Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of weldments 8.5 Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of aluminium composites 8.6 Conclusions Chapter 9: Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of magnesium alloys Abstract: 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Alloy influences 9.3 Influence of loading 9.4 Environmental influences 9.5 Mechanisms 9.6 Recommendations to avoid stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 9.7 Conclusions 9.8 Acknowledgements Chapter 10: Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and hydrogen-assisted cracking in titanium alloys Abstract: 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Corrosion resistance of titanium alloys 10.3 Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of titanium alloys 10.4 Hydrogen degradation of titanium alloys 10.5 Conclusions 10.6 Acknowledgements Chapter 11: Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of copper and copper-based alloys Abstract: 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Stress corrosion crackin (SCC) mechanisms 11.3 Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of copper and copper-based alloys 11.4 Role of secondary phase particles 11.5 Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) mitigation strategies 11.6 Conclusions Chapter 12: Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of austenitic stainless and ferritic steel weldments Abstract: 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Effect of welding defects on weld metal corrosion 12.3 Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of austenitic stainless steel weld metal 12.4 Welding issues in ferritic steels 12.5 Conclusions Chapter 13: Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in polymer composites Abstract: 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of short fiber reinforced polymer injection moldings 13.3 Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) evaluation of glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRPs) in synthetic sea water 13.4 Fatigue crack propagation mechanism of glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) in synthetic sea water 13.5 Aging crack propagation mechanisms of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites 13.6 Aging of biodegradable composites based on natural fiber and polylactic acid (PLA) Part IV: Environmentally assisted cracking problems in various industries Chapter 14: Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in boilers and cooling water systems Abstract: 14.1 Overview of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in water systems 14.2 Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in boiler water systems 14.3 Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in cooling water systems 14.4 Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) monitoring strategies Chapter 15: Environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) in oil and gas production Abstract: 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Overview of oil and gas production 15.3 Environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) mechanisms common to oil and gas production 15.4 Materials for casing, tubing and other well components 15.5 Corrosivity of sour high pressure/high temperature (HPHT) reservoirs 15.6 Environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) performance of typical alloys for tubing and casing 15.7 Qualification of materials for oil- and gas-field applications 15.8 The future of materials selection for oil and gas production Chapter 16: Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in aerospace vehicles Abstract: 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Structures, materials and environments 16.3 Material-environment compatibility guidelines 16.4 Selected case histories (aircraft) 16.5 Preventative and remedial measures 16.6 Conclusions Chapter 17: Prediction of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in nuclear power systems Abstract: 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Life prediction approaches 17.3 Parametric dependencies and their prediction 17.4 Prediction of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in boiling water reactor (BWR) components 17.5 Conclusions 17.6 Future trends 17.7 Sources of further information Chapter 18: Failures of structures and components by metal-induced embrittlement Abstract: 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Mechanisms and rate-controlling processes for liquid-metal embrittlement (LME) and solid-metal-induced embrittlement (SMIE) 18.3 Evidence for liquid-metal embrittlement (LME) and solid-metal-induced embrittlement (SMIE) 18.4 Failure of an aluminium-alloy inlet nozzle in a natural gas plant [22] 18.5 Failure of a brass valve in an aircraft-engine oil-cooler [31] 18.6 Failure of a screw in a helicopter fuel-control unit [36] 18.7 Collapse of a grain-storage silo [37] 18.8 Failure of planetary gears from centrifugal gearboxes [39] 18.9 Beneficial uses of liquid-metal embrittlement (LME) in failure analysis Chapter 19: Stress corrosion cracking in pipelines Abstract: 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Mechanisms of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in pipelines 19.3 Factors contributing to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in pipelines 19.4 CANMET studies of near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 19.5 Prevention of stress corrosion cracking (SCC)failures 19.6 Conclusions Index