Survival Strategies of Annual Desert Plants

By: Yitzchak Gutterman

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Hardcover | 28 August 2002

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372 Pages

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Annual desert plant species of unrelated taxa in the Negev Desert of Israel have developed complementary sets of adaptations and survival strategies as ecological equivalents with physiological, morphological and anatomical resemblances, in the various stages of their life cycles. After 40 years of research in hot deserts Yitzchak Gutterman provides a comprehensive treatise of such adaptations and strategies. In doing so he covers the following topics: post-maturation primary seed dormancy, which prevents germination of maturing seeds before the summer; seed dispersal mechanisms with escape or protection strategies; cautious or opportunistic germination strategies; seedling drought tolerance. The day-length is an important factor in regulating flowering as well as the phenotypic plasticity of seed germination which is also affected by maternal factors.

Industry Reviews

"... this book is recommended to experts as well as to others with interest in plant sciences (physiology, ecology, conservation biology or botany). A most valuable trait of the book is the comprehensive summary of our actual knowledge on the adaptations and survival strategies of annual desert plants, what was not yet available. Aided by analysis of numerous experiments and case studies observed in the Negev Desert ..., the author demonstrates that these plants are not just interesting exceptions, but one of the greatest survivors of their habitat." (Community Ecology)
"This book encapsulates a lifetime?s wisdom on plant survival in the harshest of environments - the desert ... The content of the book ranges widely, with examples from many of the world?s great deserts, drawing together information from both old and new literature and describing many of the observations and experiments from the author?s own laboratory. ... The wealth of information within this volume, with the twenty-two pages of literature citations, makes this dedicated work the encyclopedia from which to start." (Israel Journal of Plant Sciences)

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Paperback

Published: 21st September 2012

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The Desert Biome, Survival Adaptations and Strategies of Annual Plant Species	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
The Environment in Deserts and Arid Zones	p. 1
Deserts with Winter or Summer Rain	p. 2
Classification of Semi-Arid and Arid Zones According to the Amounts of Rain and Vegetation Zones	p. 3
Annuals in Deserts and Survival Adaptations Throughout the Stages of Their Life Cycles	p. 3
Plant Adaptation and Survival Strategies	p. 4
The Negev Desert	p. 10
Rain Amounts and Distribution	p. 13
Amounts of Runoff Water After an Intense Rainfall Affected by Soil Crust, Stones and Slope Gradient	p. 16
Biotic Activity, Diggings, Distribution of Runoff Water and Plant Succession	p. 18
Temperatures in Winter or Summer	p. 22
Temperatures, Relative Humidity and Rain Efficiency for Seed Germination	p. 29
Day Length, Date of Seed Germination, Plant Development, Flowering and Plant Life Span	p. 29
Dew During Winter or Summer Affecting Plant Adaptation	p. 30
The Annual Environmental Factors and Life Cycle of Annual Plants	p. 31
Seed Collectors	p. 32
Conclusion	p. 36
Flowering Strategies	p. 37
Introduction	p. 37
Flowering Adaptations and Strategies of Perennial Plants	p. 41
Flowering Adaptations and Strategies of Selected Annual Plants	p. 47
One-Seasonal Winter Annuals	p. 47
Facultative Long-Day Response for Flowering (FLD)	p. 48
The Day Length Independent Response for Flowering (DIF)	p. 54
Intermediates	p. 57
Single-Season Summer Annuals	p. 58
Bi-seasonal Plants	p. 59
Long-day (LD) Response for Flowering	p. 60
Flowering Under Short Days and High Temperatures	p. 61
Conclusion	p. 62
Strategies of Phenotypic Plasticity of Germination During Seed Development and Maturation	p. 65
Introduction	p. 65
Environmental Factors Affecting Phenotypic Germination Plasticity	p. 66
Seed Maturation Dates in a Natural Environment Affecting Germination	p. 66
Day Length During Plant Development and Seed Maturation	p. 70
Long or Short Days Affecting Seed Coat Permeability to Water	p. 70
Day Length and Plant Age Affect Seed Plasticity of Germination	p. 75
Short-Term and Long-Term Seed Banks	p. 75
Quantitative Short-Day Effect	p. 76
Quantitative Long-Day Effect	p. 77
Day Length Effect on Short-Term and Long-Term Seed Banks	p. 81
Day Length Affects Seed Germination of Plant Species with Soft Fruit	p. 82
The Ecological Importance of the Critical Time During Seed Maturation at Which Day Length Affects Seed Germination	p. 86
Influences of Light Quality During Seed Maturation on Seed Germination	p. 87
Water Stress During Seed Maturation Affecting Seed Germination	p. 89
Water and Temperature Stresses	p. 91
Temperatures During Maturation Affecting Seed Germination	p. 93
Plant Age, Seed Size and Germination Plasticity	p. 95
Seed Position on the Mother Plant During Seed Development and Maturation Affecting Seed Germination	p. 97
Seed Position in the Capsules, Pods and Fruit	p. 97
The Effect of Position of Capsules or Pods in the Plant Canopy on Seed Germination	p. 100
Central or Peripheral Capsules	p. 103
Position of Pods in the Upper and Lower Part of the Inflorescence	p. 103
Position of the Fruits,Dimorphism and Germinability	p. 104
Position, Heteromorphism and Germination	p. 105
Seed Position in Inflorescences That Are Also Dispersal Units	p. 105
Position and Heteroblasty in Pteranthus dichotomus	p. 106
The Heteroblasty of the Caryopses of Synaptospermic,Lignified Dispersal Units	p. 108
The Influences of the Order of the Caryopses on Germination Percentage, Plant Development, Flowering and the Number of Tillers and Spikelets	p. 113
The Influence of the Order of the Caryopses on the Size and Germination of the Caryopses of the Following Generation	p. 114
Position in Burr - a Synaptospermic Dispersal Unit	p. 116
Position of Achenes in the Capitulum Whorls Affecting the Time Distribution of Dispersal and Germination (serotinas)	p. 116
Position Effect on Seed Germinability and Seedling Survival of Female and Hermaphrodite Flowers in Inflorescences	p. 118
Position of Achenes in Umbels Affecting Germinability	p. 118
Position of Aerial and Subterranean Inflorescences Affecting Dispersability and Germinability	p. 119
Desiccation Tolerance of Maturing Seeds	p. 122
Conclusion	p. 125
Strategies of Phenotypic Plasticity of Germination: Dormancy After Seed Maturation	p. 127
Introduction	p. 127
Post Maturation Environmental Influences on Dry Seed Primary Dormancy (After-Ripening)	p. 132
Hordeum spontaneum	p. 132
Schismus arabicus	p. 139
Stipa capensis	p. 141
Ammochloa palaestina	p. 142
Plantago coronopus	p. 143
Spergularia diandra	p. 145
Periods of Storage of Dry Seeds at High Temperatures Affecting Primary Dormancy in Seeds of Different Plant Species	p. 145
Short Periods of Dry Seed Storage at High Temperatures Increases Germination	p. 146
Long Periods of Dry Seed Storage at High Temperatures	p. 146
Portulaca oleracea	p. 146
Hirschfeldia incana	p. 147
"Bet Hedging"Germination	p. 148
Asteriscus hierochunticus	p. 148
Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum	p. 148
Post Maturation Phenotypic Germination Plasticity of Hard Seeds	p. 150
Day Length During Seed Maturation Affecting Hard Seeds	p. 150
Temperature Amplitude During Summer Affecting Hard Seeds	p. 150
Gradual or Sudden Increase of Relative Humidity Affecting Hard Seeds	p. 152
Low Relative Humidity Affecting Seed Germination	p. 156
Post-Maturation Supra-optimal Temperatures Affecting Germination of Wet Seeds, and Thermodormancy	p. 156
Lactuca serriola	p. 156
Lactuca sativa	p. 159
Cheiridopsis	p. 166
Conclusion	p. 167
Seed Dispersal Adaptations and Strategies	p. 169
Seed Consumption,Plant Adaptations and Strategies of Seed Dispersal	p. 169
One-Season Winter Annuals and Seed Dispersal Seasons	p. 174
Dispersal of Lignified,Synaptospermic, Multi-Seeded Dispersal Units at the End of the Season with Rains	p. 174
Entangled Lignified Dispersal Units	p. 175
Dry Unopened, Lignified Pod as a Dispersal Unit	p. 176
Multi-Seeded Dispersal Unit	p. 176
Single-Seeded Lignified Sections of a Pod	p. 176
Lignified Aerial Seed Banks with Delayed Seed Dispersal by Rain (Serotinous and Hygriescence)	p. 177
Dispersal by Rain of Aerial Protected Non-mucilaginous Seeds that 'Escape' into the Soil Seed Bank	p. 177
Aerial Lignified Seed Banks with Mucilaginous Seeds, Seed Dispersal by Rain During the Season or Seasons Following Maturation	p. 180
Shooting of Seeds to a Distance from the Mother Plant Triggered by Rain or Flood Water	p. 188
Seeds Released by Rain and Dispersed by Wind	p. 200
Subterranean Lignified, Protected Seed Banks, Germination in Situ	p. 200
Escape Dispersal Adaptations and Strategies of Tiny Seeds	p. 201
Tiny,Dust-Like Seeds	p. 201
Dispersal by Wind of Small Seeds with Pappus or Corolla	p. 204
Dispersal by Wind and Boring Hydrochastic Mechanisms	p. 204
Dispersal by Wind of Mucilaginous Seeds During the Dry Season	p. 204
Dispersal by Wind of Polymorphic Mucilaginous and Non-mucilaginous Achenes	p. 204
Delayed Seed Dispersal and Ballistic Dispersal by Wind	p. 205
Seed Dispersal from Exploding Hygrochastic Pods Under Dry Conditions	p. 207
Delayed Achene Maturation to the Season with Rain and Dispersal by Wind	p. 207
Bi-seasonal Annuals and Seed Dispersal by Wind	p. 207
Winged Diaspores Matured Shortly Before the Season with Rains	p. 207
Achenes Matured and Dispersed Daily in Small Portions During the Summer	p. 208
Conclusion	p. 208
Germination Adaptations, Strategies and Influences on Germination During Seed Wetting	p. 211
Introduction	p. 211
"Bet Hedging"Germination Strategies	p. 211
Germination Strategies in Deserts with Winter and Summer Rains	p. 213
Germination Strategies of Seasonal Genotypes	p. 213
Fitness to Habitats and Range of Temperatures for Germination of some Plants Occurring in the Negev	p. 214
Geophytes: Temperature for Germination and Habitat Location	p. 214
Adaptation to Temperatures and Salinity in Germination of Two Plants Occurring on Opposite-Facing Slopes of One Hill, in the Negev Desert Highlands	p. 216
Medicago laciniata var. laciniata and M. laciniata var. brachycantha	p. 216
Helianthemum vesicarium and H.ventosum	p. 216
Germination Adaptations of Local Genotypes at Different Elevations	p. 218
Local Genotypes According to Environmental Factors	p. 219
Exposure of Wet Seeds to Supra-optimal Temperatures and the Imposition of Secondary Dormancy According to Location in the Soil or in Depressions	p. 220
Repair Mechanisms by Short Periods of Wetting, and Seed Germination	p. 220
Environmental Factors Affecting the Phenotypic Plasticity of Germination	p. 221
Germination and the Minimum Amount of Precipitation required	p. 224
Environmental Factors During Seed Wetting and Germination During the Season with Rain	p. 225
Amounts of Rain, Cautious or Opportunistic Germination Strategies of Low or High Risk, Slow or Fast Germinating Seeds	p. 226
Plants with Cautious Strategies of Seed Germination	p. 227
Plants with Opportunistic Strategies of Seed Germination	p. 229
Speed of Germination	p. 229
Strategies of Rapidly Germinating Seeds	p. 230
Strategies of Slowly Germinating Seeds	p. 230
The Presence of Germination Inhibitors as 'Rain Gauges'	p. 231
Species with Mucilaginous Seeds (Myxospermy) as an Adaptation and Part of the Complementary Sets of Survival Strategies	p. 232
Mucilaginous Seeds That Are Dispersed by Rain	p. 235
Mucilaginous Seeds That Are Dispersed During the Dry Summer	p. 238
Mucilaginous and Light-Sensitive Seeds	p. 238
Mucilaginous Seeds on the Soil Surface and Water Conditions Required for Germination	p. 238
Mucilaginous Seeds Dispersed by Adhering to Mammals and Birds	p. 239
Dispersal of Mucilaginous Seeds in Edible Fruit (Endozoochory)	p. 239
Germination Under Mild Winter Temperatures and High Daytime Relative Humidity Compared with High Summer Temperatures and Low Daytime Relative Humidity	p. 239
The Amount of Rain in Mild Winter Temperatures and High Relative Humidity Affecting Seed Germination in a Natural Desert Area near Avdat	p. 240
Amounts of Water in Summer Required for Germination at High Temperatures and Low Relative Humidity	p. 244
Range of Temperatures for Germination in Light or Dark	p. 256
Schismus arabicus	p. 257
Spergularia diandra	p. 260
Plantago coronopus	p. 262
Seed Location on the Soil or in the Soil Seed Bank Affecting Seed Germination, and Soil Turnover Influences	p. 262
Seeds on the Soil Surface	p. 264
Seeds Buried in the Soil	p. 265
Thermodormancy of Winter Germinating Plant Species	p. 266
Light During Seed Wetting and Germination	p. 267
Seed Location in Soil and Germination Regulation by Light	p. 268
Influences of the Visible Light Spectrum on Seed Germination	p. 272
Germination Regulation by Soil Inhibitors	p. 274
Conclusion	p. 280
Embryo and Seedling Survival and Plant Development	p. 281
Introduction	p. 281
Embryo Drought Resistance	p. 281
Seedling Drought Resistance	p. 284
Seedling Drought Tolerance and Survival	p. 284
Hordeum spontaneum Effects of Seedling Developmental Stages and Local Genotypes	p. 284
Schismus arabicus	p. 288
Effects of Seedling Developmental Stages and Caryopsis Size	p. 288
Duration of Dry Storage Affecting Seedling Survival and Genotypic Differences	p. 289
Size Groups of Caryopses and Re-growth of Seedlings After Rehydration	p. 290
Seedling Regrowth After 48 h Affected by Caryopsis Size	p. 291
Amounts of Water Affecting Seedling Survival	p. 292
Irrigation Affecting Seedling Density and Survival	p. 292
Different Amounts of Water Affects Seedling Emergence and Survival	p. 292
Water Distribution Affects Seedling Emergence and Survival	p. 293
Seedling Emergence and Survival After Single Irrigations with Different Amounts of Water	p. 294
Seedling Survival After Irrigation with 10 mm of Water on 9 to 20 days	p. 294
Survival of Three Main Species According to Different Apportioning of the 200 mm of Water	p. 295
The Number of Seeds (Schizocarps) Produced by Malva aegyptia as Influenced by Irrigation in Summer	p. 295
The Amount of Precipitation in Winter Affecting Seedling Emergence and Survival	p. 296
Schismus arabicus	p. 296
Gymnarrhena micrantha	p. 296
Inter-Specific and Intra-Specific Competition and Survival	p. 299
Conclusion	p. 301
Summary of the Complementary Sets of Survival Strategies of Some Common Species of the Negev Desert That Have Been Studied in Detail	p. 303
Introduction	p. 303
The Complementary Sets of Adaptation and Survival Strategies	p. 304
Schismus arabicus	p. 304
Flowering Facultative Long-Day Response	p. 304
Influences During and After Maturation on Phenotypic Plasticity of Germination	p. 305
Escape Seed Dispersal Strategies	p. 305
Opportunistic Germination Strategies in Mild Winters and Cautious Germination Strategies in Hot Summers	p. 305
Seedling Drought Tolerance	p. 306
Spergularia diandra	p. 307
Flowering	p. 307
Phenotypic Plasticity of Germination by Day Length, and Seed Position Effect, During Seed Development and Maturation	p. 307
Genotypes and Seed Dispersability	p. 307
The Opportunistic Strategy of Seed Germination	p. 307
Light, Temperatures and Germination	p. 308
Dry Storage Duration and Seed Germinability	p. 308
Germination in Summer	p. 308
Soil Turnover	p. 308
Time of Rainfall	p. 309
Blepharis spp	p. 309
Flowering - Day Length Independent	p. 309
Seed Dispersal by Rain or Floods from the Protected Aerial Seed Bank and Cautious Germination Strategy	p. 309
Regulation of Germination by the Mucilaginous Layer Surrounding the Seeds	p. 310
Connection of the Seeds to the Soil by the Mucilage	p. 310
Fast Germination of the Dispersed Seeds	p. 310
Plantago coronopus	p. 311
Flowering	p. 311
Influence of Day Length During Seed Maturation on Seed Numbers,Biomass and Germinability	p. 311
Post-Maturation Temperatures and Primary Dormancy (After-Ripening) of the Protected Aerial Seed Bank	p. 311
Dispersal of Mucilaginous Seeds by Rain (Myxospermy)	p. 311
Phenotypic Plasticity of Germination	p. 312
Hordeum spontaneum	p. 312
Biodiversity Among Local Genotypes	p. 312
Biodiversity of Primary Dormancy	p. 313
Biodiversity of Seedling Drought Tolerance	p. 313
Conclusion	p. 313
References	p. 315
Index of Latin Names	p. 337
Subject Index	p. 341
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Survival Strategies of Annual Desert Plants

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