Preface xv
1 Renewable Resources and Environmental Quality 1
1.1 Renewable Resources and Energy 1
1.2 Human Demand and Footprint 5
1.2.1 Human Demand 5
1.2.2 Human Footprints 6
1.2.2.1 Water Footprints 7
1.2.2.2 Gray Water System 7
1.3 Challenges and Opportunities 9
1.3.1 Excessive Nitrogen Runoff 10
1.3.2 Phosphorus Depletion 10
1.3.3 Carbon Pollution 11
1.3.4 Peak Oil 11
1.3.5 Climate Change 11
1.4 Carrying Capacity 11
1.5 Air, Water, and Soil Quality Index 13
1.5.1 Air Quality Standards 13
1.5.2 Air Quality Index 13
1.5.3 Water Quality Index 14
1.5.4 Soil Quality Index 17
1.5.4.1 F1 (Scope) 17
1.5.4.2 F2 (Frequency) 17
1.5.4.3 F3 (Amplitude) 17
1.5.4.4 Soil Quality Index (SQI) 18
1.6 Air, Water, and Soil Pollution 19
1.6.1 Air Pollution 19
1.6.2 Water Pollution 19
1.7 Life Cycle Assessment 21
1.7.1 LCA Tools 22
1.8 Environmental Laws 22
1.9 Exercise 24
1.9.1 Questions 24
1.9.2 Assignment 25
1.9.3 Problems 25
1.9.4 Projects 25
1.9.4.1 Xiongan Project 25
1.9.4.2 Community Project 26
References 26
2 Health Risk Assessment 29
2.1 Environmental Health 29
2.2 Environmental Standards 31
2.3 Health Risk Assessment 36
2.3.1 Hazard Identification 36
2.3.2 Dose–Response Curves 37
2.3.2.1 Nonlinear Dose–Response Assessment 37
2.3.2.2 Linear Dose–Response Assessment 40
2.3.3 Exposure Assessment 41
2.3.3.1 Cancer Screening Calculation for Dermal Contaminants in Water 41
2.3.3.2 Noncancer Screening Calculation for Contaminants in Residential Soil 43
2.3.4 DBP Health Advisory Concentration 44
2.3.5 Risk Characterizations 46
2.4 QSAR Analysis in HRA 46
2.4.1 Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) 48
2.4.2 Validation of QSAR Models 49
2.5 Quantification of Uncertainty 54
2.5.1 Quantification of QSAR Model’s Uncertainty 55
2.5.2 Monte Carlo Simulation 56
2.5.3 Comparison of Uncertainties of Different QSAR Models 60
2.5.4 Sensitivity Analysis by Monte Carlo Simulation 61
2.5.5 Computer Software for Quantitative Risk Assessment 62
2.6 Exercise 62
2.6.1 Questions 62
2.6.2 Calculation 62
2.6.3 Assignment 63
2.6.4 Projects 63
2.6.4.1 Xiongan Project 63
2.6.4.2 Community Project 63
References 63
3 Twelve Design Principles of Sustainable Environmental Engineering 67
3.1 Sustainability 67
3.1.1 The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 68
3.2 Challenges and Opportunities 69
3.2.1 Challenges 69
3.2.2 Opportunities 71
3.3 Sustainable Environmental Engineering 74
3.3.1 SEE Metrics 76
3.4 SEE Design Principles 78
3.4.1 Principle 1: Integrated and Interconnected System Hierarchy 78
3.4.2 Principle 2: Reliability on Spatial Scale 79
3.4.3 Principle 3: System Resiliency on a Temporal Scale 80
3.4.3.1 Principle 4: Efficiency of Renewable Material 80
3.4.4 Principle 6: Prevention 82
3.4.5 Principle 7: Recovery 83
3.5 Principle 8: Separation 84
3.5.1 Principle 9: Treatment 85
3.5.2 Principle 10: Retrofitting and Remediation 86
3.5.3 Principle 11: Optimization through Modeling and Simulation 86
3.5.4 Principle 12: Balance Between Capital and Operating Costs 87
3.6 Implementation of the SEE Design Principles 88
3.6.1 Procedure to Implement SEE Design Principles 88
3.6.2 Integration of SEE into Undergraduate Education 89
3.7 Exercise 91
3.7.1 Questions 91
3.7.2 Calculation 91
3.7.3 Projects 92
3.7.3.1 Xiongan Project 92
3.7.3.2 Community Projects 92
3.7.3.3 Proposal Development 92
References 93
4 Integrated and Interconnected Systems 95
4.1 Principle 1 95
4.2 Challenges and Opportunities 98
4.2.1 Market Size of Solid Waste Management in China 98
4.3 Integrated Solid Waste Management 103
4.3.1 Integrated Solid Waste Management Market in China 103
4.3.2 Strategy of ISWM 103
4.3.3 LCA on Footprint of Solid Waste Recycle 109
4.3.4 ISWM Data Analysis 115
4.3.4.1 Calculations for Measuring Quantity 115
4.3.4.2 Calculations for Composition 116
4.3.5 Determining Waste Composition 117
4.3.5.1 Moisture Content 117
4.3.5.2 Calorific Value 117
4.3.5.3 Chemical Composition 117
4.3.5.4 Calorific Values 119
4.3.5.5 Data Presentation 119
4.3.6 Zero Waste 120
4.3.7 Integrated Waster Resource Management (IWRM) 124
4.3.8 Water Resource Recovery Facilities (WRRF) 127
4.4 Integrated Air Quality Management (IAQM) 131
4.5 Exercise 132
4.5.1 Questions 132
4.5.2 Calculation 133
4.5.3 Projects 133
4.5.3.1 Community Projects 133
4.5.3.2 Xiongan Projects 134
References 134
5 Reliable Systems on a Spatial Scale 135
5.1 Principle 2 135
5.1.1 Central Versus Decentralized WWTP 136
5.1.2 Best Practice for Small WWTPs 137
5.2 Integrated System Approach 137
5.2.1 The EPA Tools 137
5.2.2 Integrated Engineering Design Example 137
5.3 Scale-up of Laboratory or Pilot Design to Full-scale Plant 141
5.3.1 Minimum Requirements for Validation Testing 141
5.3.1.1 Collimated Beam Test 141
5.3.2 Correlation of UV Sensitivity of Different Challenge Microorganisms with Target Microorganisms 143
5.3.2.1 Sampling Ports 144
5.3.3 Calculating the RED 145
5.3.3.1 Flow Rate for Validation 146
5.3.4 Uncertainty in Validation 149
5.3.4.1 Calculating UIN for the Calculated Dose Approach 149
5.3.4.2 Determining the Validated Dose and Validated Operating Conditions 149
5.3.5 Collimated Beam Data Uncertainty 152
5.3.6 Electrical Energy per Order (EE/O) 153
5.4 Exercise 154
5.4.1 Questions 154
5.4.2 Calculation 154
5.4.3 Projects 155
5.4.3.1 Xiongan Design Project 155
5.4.3.2 Community Proposal Project 155
References 155
6 Resiliency on Temporal Scale 157
6.1 Principle 3 157
6.2 Challenges and Opportunities 159
6.3 Discharge Standards 159
6.4 Population Growth 160
6.5 Steady Versus Unsteady 162
6.5.1 Equalization Basin 162
6.6 Hydraulic Condition of Different Reactors 167
6.7 Chemical Kinetics 168
6.8 Group Theory Predicting Hydroxyl Radical Kinetic Constants 172
6.9 Photocatalytic Oxidation of Halogen-substituted Meta-phenols by UV/TiO2 172
6.10 Environmental Issues on Different Temporal Scales 178
6.10.1 Correlation Between Temporal and Spatial Scales in the Sustainable Design of WTPs and WWTPs 178
6.11 Exercise 181
6.11.1 Questions 181
6.11.2 Calculation 181
6.11.3 Project 181
6.11.3.1 Xiongan Project 181
6.11.3.2 Community Proposal Project 182
References 182
7 Efficiency of Renewable Materials 185
7.1 Principle 4 185
7.2 Stoichiometry 185
7.3 Avoid the Addition of Chemicals 187
7.3.1 Avoid Acid Addition 187
7.3.2 Replacing Chlorination with UV Disinfection 193
7.3.3 Anammox to Replace Nitrification/Denitrification 199
7.3.3.1 Nitrogen Forms 199
7.3.3.2 Nitrification 200
7.3.3.3 Denitrification 200
7.3.3.4 Anammox 201
7.4 Design Efficient Reactors 203
7.4.1 Cost of Different Volume Reactors 212
7.5 Exercise 213
7.5.1 Questions 213
7.5.2 Calculation 213
7.5.3 Project 213
7.5.3.1 Xiongan Project 213
7.5.3.2 Proposal Project 214
References 214
8 Efficiency of Renewable Energy 215
8.1 Principle 5 215
8.2 Challenges and Opportunities 216
8.2.1 Inefficient Combustion of Fossil Fuels 216
8.2.2 Challenges in China 217
8.3 Energy Conservation Laws 218
8.3.1 Thermodynamics Laws 218
8.3.2 The First Thermodynamic Law 221
8.3.3 The Second Thermodynamic Law 221
8.3.3.1 Energy Conversion 221
8.3.3.2 Enthalpy 222
8.3.3.3 Conservation of Energy 222
8.4 Energy Balances 223
8.4.1 Physical Framework by Thermodynamics 224
8.4.2 Exergy 225
8.5 Benchmarks for Unit Energy Consumption in WTP and WWTP 225
8.5.1 Unit Energy Consumption Values in WTP 225
8.5.2 Unit Energy Consumption Values in WWTP 225
8.6 Energy Consumption by Pump 232
8.6.1 Flow in Pipe 232
8.6.2 Pump Station 232
8.7 Solar Energy 233
8.7.1 Calculation Solar Energy 233
8.7.2 Solar-powered WWTP 235
8.8 Exercise 235
8.8.1 Questions 235
8.8.2 Calculation 236
8.8.3 Project 236
8.8.3.1 Xiongan Project 236
8.8.3.2 Community Project 236
References 236
9 Prevention 239
9.1 Principle 6 239
9.2 Challenges and Opportunities 240
9.3 Green Infrastructure 241
9.3.1 Integrated Urban Water Management Paradigm 241
9.3.2 Green Infrastructure Design Tools 242
9.3.3 Green Infrastructure Modeling Tools 242
9.4 Design Tools of Rain Harvest 244
9.4.1 Determine the Water Demand of a Public Bathroom 244
9.4.2 Determine the Roof Area and the Tank Size 247
9.4.3 Design Rainwater System by Cumulative Plot Method 250
9.4.4 Design Rainwater System Design to Achieve the Smallest Roof Area 252
9.4.4.1 Flowchart for Rainwater System 252
9.4.5 Determine Roof Area for a Rainwater Harvest Tank Without Adding City Water in the First Year 254
9.4.6 Design Rainwater Harvest Tank for Specific Roof Areas 257
9.4.7 Design a Rainwater Harvest Tank of the Optimized Size 260
9.5 Design Anaerobic Digester Reactor 262
9.6 Green Roof Design 263
9.6.1 Life Cycle Assessment 265
9.6.2 Footprint 266
9.7 Rain Garden Design 268
9.7.1 Life Cycle Assessment 270
9.7.2 Environmental Impacts of Aluminum 271
9.7.3 Cost and Benefit Analysis of Rain Garden 271
9.7.4 Water Footprint 274
9.7.5 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Footprint 274
9.8 Exercise 276
9.8.1 Questions 276
9.8.2 Calculations 276
9.8.3 Projects 276
9.8.3.1 Xiongan Project 276
9.8.3.2 Community Proposal Project 277
References 277
10 Recovery 279
10.1 Principle 7 279
10.2 Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater 280
10.2.1 Phosphorus Removal in Conventional Treatment 281
10.2.2 Chemical Phosphorus Removal 281
10.3 Phosphorus Recovery 283
10.3.1 Enhanced Phosphorus Uptake 283
10.3.2 Struvite Precipitation 284
10.4 Capital and Operation Cost of Reclaiming Water for Reuse 286
10.4.1 Building 286
10.4.2 Headwork 290
10.4.3 Oxidation 293
10.4.4 Aerobic SBR 297
10.4.5 MBR 301
10.4.6 Microfiltration 304
10.4.7 Reverse Osmosis 308
10.4.8 Filtration 311
10.4.9 Disinfection 314
10.5 Exercise 317
10.5.1 Questions 317
10.5.2 Calculations 318
10.5.3 Projects 319
10.5.3.1 Xiongan Project 319
10.5.3.2 Community Proposal Project 319
References 319
11 Separation 321
11.1 Principle 8 321
11.2 Challenges and Opportunities 323
11.3 Precipitation 324
11.4 Coagulation and Flocculation 325
11.4.1 Camp–Stein Equation 326
11.4.2 Static and Plug-flow Reactor Mixers 327
11.4.3 Power, Pressure, and Pump in Reactors 327
11.5 Membrane Filtration Systems 333
11.6 Activated Carbon Adsorption 335
11.7 Anaerobic Membrane Biological Reactor 339
11.8 Air Stripping 341
11.9 LCA Tools for WWTPs 350
11.10 Capital and O&M Costs of Membrane Filtration 353
11.11 Exercise 361
11.11.1 Questions 361
11.11.2 Calculation 361
11.11.3 Projects 361
11.11.3.1 Xiongan Project 361
11.11.3.2 Community Projects 362
References 362
12 Treatment 365
12.1 Principle 9 365
12.2 Challenges 365
12.3 Environmental Regulations 366
12.4 UV Disinfection 370
12.4.1 History 370
12.4.2 Photochemistry 370
12.4.3 UV Dose 371
12.4.4 Absorption Coefficient 372
12.4.5 Fluence 372
12.4.6 UV Dose–Response 374
12.5 Virus Sensitivity Index of UV Disinfection 376
12.5.1 Virus Sensitivity Index (VSI) 376
12.5.2 Applications of VSI 379
12.6 Bacteria Sensitivity Index (BSI) with Shoulder Effect 381
12.6.1 Bacteria Sensitivity Index (BSI) 381
12.6.2 Shoulder Broadness Index (SBI) 382
12.6.3 Transformation of H into ΔH/ΔHr 382
12.6.4 Validation of the Models 384
12.6.5 Application of the Model 384
12.6.5.1 Experimental Data of UV Disinfection of ARBs 384
12.6.5.2 Error Analysis of Predicted H Compared with the Observed H 386
12.6.5.3 Prediction of Fluence Required at 5 log I for ARBs 386
12.7 Emerging Treatment Technologies 386
12.8 Design Considerations of UV Disinfection System 389
12.8.1 UV Dose 390
12.8.2 Hydraulic Retention Time 390
12.8.3 UV Lamps 391
12.8.4 Turbidity 391
12.8.5 Typical Design Lives of Major UV Components 391
12.9 Exercise 392
12.9.1 Questions 392
12.9.2 Calculations 392
12.9.3 Projects 392
12.9.3.1 Xiongan Project 392
12.9.3.2 Community Proposal Project 392
References 392
13 Green Retrofitting and Remediation 395
13.1 Principle 10 395
13.2 Challenges of WWTP Design 395
13.2.1 Energy Efficiency of Water and Wastewater Treatment 396
13.3 Anaerobic Digestion for Biogas Production 396
13.3.1 Operation Guidelines for Wastewater Treatment Plants 397
13.4 Best Practice Benchmark 399
13.5 Green Retrofitting 400
13.5.1 Energy Auditing 400
13.5.1.1 Phototrophic System 404
13.5.1.2 Renewable Energy for WWTPs 406
13.6 Sludge Processing and Disposal 406
13.6.1 Design of Wastewater Sludge Thickeners 407
13.6.2 Suspended Solids Removal Efficiency 408
13.6.3 Anaerobic Digester Capacity 409
13.6.4 Aerobic Sludge Digestion 409
13.6.5 Retrofitting Strategies of WWTPs 410
13.7 Green Remediation 410
13.7.1 Green Remediation Metrics and Methods 411
13.7.2 Approaches to Reducing Footprints 416
13.7.2.1 Approaches to Reducing Materials and Waste Footprints 416
13.7.2.2 Approaches to Reducing Water Footprints 416
13.7.2.3 Approaches to Reducing Energy and Air Footprints 417
13.7.3 Evaluation Methods 419
13.7.3.1 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Evaluation Fact Sheet 419
13.7.3.2 Future Land Use 420
13.7.3.3 Green Building 420
13.7.3.4 Post-remediation Site Conditions 420
13.8 Tools 421
13.9 Exercise 421
13.9.1 Questions 421
13.9.2 Calculation 421
13.9.3 Projects 422
13.9.3.1 Xiongan Project 422
13.9.3.2 Community Project Proposal 422
References 423
14 Optimization through Modeling and Simulation 425
14.1 Principle 425
14.2 Introduction 425
14.2.1 History of Landfill Leachate Quality 426
14.2.2 Leachate Characteristics 426
14.3 Challenges and Opportunities 428
14.4 Modeling of the Fenton Process 428
14.4.1 Kinetic Model of DMPO–OH EPR Signal 429
14.5 Simulation 436
14.6 Optimization 437
14.6.1 Fenton Oxidation of Landfill Leachate 437
14.6.2 Optimization Fenton Oxidation of Leachate 439
14.6.3 Optimum Operating Conditions 440
14.6.3.1 pH 440
14.6.3.2 Reaction Time 440
14.6.3.3 Effect of Reaction Time on Fenton Oxidation 440
14.6.3.4 Temperature 442
14.6.3.5 Fenton Reagent Dose 442
14.6.3.6 Generalized Fenton Dosing for Landfill Leachate Treatment 443
14.6.3.7 Total COD Removal Under Different LCOD 444
14.6.3.8 Effect of LCOD on COD Removal Efficiency 445
14.6.3.9 Effect of LCOD on Biodegradability 445
14.6.3.10 Effect of LCOD on Cost of Fenton Process Treatment for Landfill Leachate 446
14.7 Validation and Uncertainty 447
14.8 Exercise 448
14.8.1 Questions 448
14.8.2 Calculations 449
14.8.3 Projects 449
14.8.3.1 Xiongan Project 449
14.8.3.2 Community Project 449
References 450
15 Life Cycle Cost and Benefit Analysis 453
15.1 Principle 453
15.2 Challenges and Opportunities 453
15.3 Optimum Pipe Size 454
15.4 Advanced Oxidation Process Costs 461
15.4.1 UV Disinfection 461
15.5 Recovery of N and P 465
15.5.1 Yield Coefficients 466
15.5.2 Capital Cost of P Recovery Systems 469
15.5.3 Activated Sludge 469
15.5.4 Two-Stage Activated Sludge 474
15.5.5 Three-Stage Activated Sludge 477
15.5.6 Three-Stage Activated Sludge with Alum Addition 479
15.5.7 Three-Stage Activated Sludge with Alum and Tertiary Clarifier 482
15.5.8 Three-Stage Activated Sludge with Alum, Tertiary Clarifier, and Filtration 484
15.5.9 Three-Stage Activated Sludge with Tertiary Clarifier and Activated Aluminum Absorption 487
15.5.10 Three-Stage Activated Sludge with Tertiary Clarifier and Activated Absorption 489
15.6 Entrepreneur in SEE 492
15.6.1 Business Plan 493
15.6.2 Finance of Environmental Infrastructure 493
15.6.3 EEI Financing 493
15.6.4 Financial Planning 495
15.7 Innovation in SEE 495
15.7.1 Innovative Technologies 495
15.7.2 Innovative Consumer Products 495
15.7.2.1 SteriPEN 495
15.7.2.2 Drinkable Book™ 496
15.7.3 Future of SEE 496
15.8 Exercise 497
15.8.1 Questions 497
15.8.2 Calculations 497
15.8.3 Projects 497
15.8.3.1 Xiongan Project 498
15.8.3.2 Community Project Proposal 498
15.8.3.3 Course Project and Beyond 499
References 499
Index 501
