| Preface | p. xii |
| The planning and layout of swimming pools | p. 1 |
| General considerations | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Basic requirements for all swimming pools | p. 1 |
| Pools for private houses, clubs, hotels and schools | p. 3 |
| Covered pools for private houses, hotels, clubs and schools | p. 7 |
| Teaching/learner pools | p. 11 |
| Public swimming pools | p. 11 |
| Floor gradients | p. 15 |
| The drainage of walkways and wet areas | p. 16 |
| Hydrotherapy pools | p. 16 |
| Pools used for sub-aqua activities | p. 18 |
| Facilities for the disabled | p. 19 |
| Swimming pools with movable floors | p. 20 |
| Wave-making machines | p. 21 |
| Recommended procedure for getting a pool built: contracts and dealing with disputes | p. 22 |
| Introduction | p. 22 |
| Contracts: how to proceed | p. 22 |
| Dealing with disputes | p. 23 |
| Further reading | p. 27 |
| Basic characteristics of the materials used in the construction of swimming pools | p. 29 |
| Introduction | p. 29 |
| Portland cements | p. 30 |
| Aggregates from natural sources for concrete and mortar | p. 32 |
| Admixtures | p. 33 |
| Additions | p. 35 |
| Water for mixing concrete, mortar and grout | p. 37 |
| Steel reinforcement | p. 38 |
| Spacers | p. 40 |
| Non-ferrous metals | p. 40 |
| Bimetallic corrosion | p. 40 |
| Curing compounds for concrete and mortar | p. 41 |
| Polymers | p. 42 |
| Reactive resins | p. 43 |
| Joint fillers | p. 44 |
| Joint sealants | p. 45 |
| Ceramic tiles | p. 46 |
| British standards and euro codes | p. 46 |
| References | p. 47 |
| Further reading | p. 47 |
| Factors affecting the durability of reinforced concrete and cement-based materials used in the construction of swimming pools | p. 48 |
| Introduction | p. 48 |
| Corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete | p. 49 |
| Carbonation of concrete | p. 51 |
| Chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcement | p. 51 |
| Deterioration of the concrete | p. 53 |
| Chemical attack on cement-based mortar | p. 56 |
| Swimming pool water and chemicals used in water treatment | p. 56 |
| Moorland water and the Langelier Index | p. 57 |
| Alkali-silica reaction | p. 59 |
| Further reading | p. 60 |
| Construction of swimming pool shells in insitu reinforced concrete | p. 61 |
| Introduction | p. 61 |
| Site investigations | p. 62 |
| Under-drainage of site | p. 63 |
| Flotation (uplift) of the pool shell | p. 64 |
| General comments on design and construction | p. 64 |
| Concrete construction in cold weather | p. 71 |
| Concrete construction in hot weather | p. 72 |
| Plastic cracking | p. 73 |
| Thermal contraction cracking | p. 74 |
| Swimming pools with floor slabs supported on the ground | p. 76 |
| Construction of the walls of the pool | p. 78 |
| Construction of walkway slabs and floors of wet changing areas | p. 80 |
| Curing the concrete floor and walls of the pool | p. 82 |
| Construction of suspended pool shells | p. 83 |
| Thermal insulation of swimming pool shells | p. 85 |
| Under-water lighting and under-water windows | p. 86 |
| Further reading | p. 86 |
| Construction of swimming pool shells in reinforced sprayed concrete and other materials | p. 88 |
| Reinforced sprayed concrete (shotcrete) | p. 88 |
| Introduction | p. 88 |
| Design and specification | p. 90 |
| Methods of application | p. 91 |
| Execution of the work | p. 92 |
| Thermal insulation | p. 95 |
| Pipework | p. 95 |
| Testing for watertightness | p. 95 |
| Under-water lighting | p. 95 |
| Swimming pools constructed with reinforced hollow concrete block walls and insitu reinforced concrete floor | p. 96 |
| Introduction | p. 96 |
| Construction of the floor | p. 97 |
| Construction of the walls | p. 97 |
| Pipework | p. 99 |
| Under-water lighting | p. 99 |
| Curing the concrete and protecting the blockwork | p. 99 |
| Testing for watertightness | p. 99 |
| Back-filling around the walls | p. 99 |
| Thermal insulation | p. 100 |
| Sandwich type construction with insitu reinforced concrete core wall and concrete blocks as permanent formwork | p. 100 |
| Introduction | p. 100 |
| Construction of the floor | p. 101 |
| Pipework | p. 101 |
| Construction of the walls | p. 101 |
| Under-water lighting | p. 102 |
| Finishes to floor and walls | p. 102 |
| Testing for watertightness | p. 102 |
| Back-filling around the walls | p. 103 |
| Thermal insulation | p. 103 |
| Other methods of construction | p. 103 |
| General comments | p. 103 |
| Pools constructed with mass (gravity) type walls | p. 103 |
| Curing the concrete | p. 104 |
| Testing for watertightness | p. 104 |
| Pools constructed in very stable ground such as chalk or rock | p. 104 |
| Pools constructed of precast post-tensioned concrete units | p. 106 |
| Pool shells of steel | p. 106 |
| Further reading | p. 106 |
| External works | p. 107 |
| General considerations | p. 107 |
| Paving | p. 108 |
| Surface water drainage | p. 117 |
| Walling | p. 118 |
| Further reading | p. 121 |
| Finishing the pool shell and associated structures; problems with pool hall roofs | p. 122 |
| Finishing the pool shell and associated structures | p. 122 |
| Cement-sand rendering to insitu concrete walls | p. 123 |
| Cement-sand rendering to sprayed concrete walls | p. 130 |
| Cement-sand rendering to concrete block walls | p. 130 |
| Cement-sand screeds on insitu concrete floors | p. 131 |
| Cement-sand screeds on sprayed concrete floors | p. 132 |
| Ceramic tiles and mosaic | p. 132 |
| Walkways and wet changing areas | p. 138 |
| Testing the completed tiling | p. 138 |
| Marbelite | p. 139 |
| Coatings and paints | p. 140 |
| Sheet linings to swimming pools | p. 144 |
| Glass-fibre polyester resin linings | p. 145 |
| Finishes to walls of pool halls | p. 146 |
| The roofs of swimming pool halls | p. 149 |
| General considerations | p. 149 |
| Pressurised roof voids | p. 149 |
| The warm-deck roof | p. 149 |
| Further reading | p. 150 |
| Water circulation and water treatment | p. 151 |
| Water circulation | p. 151 |
| Flow-through pools | p. 152 |
| Pools where the pool water is in continuous circulation | p. 154 |
| Ducts for pipework | p. 159 |
| Water treatment | p. 160 |
| Layout of treatment plant | p. 162 |
| Filtration and filters | p. 163 |
| Chemical dosing of the pool water | p. 166 |
| The disinfection of pool water | p. 168 |
| Chlorination | p. 169 |
| Ozone | p. 170 |
| Bromine | p. 171 |
| Chlorine dioxide | p. 171 |
| Metallic ions (silver and copper) | p. 171 |
| Ultra-violet radiation | p. 172 |
| The base-exchange process for softening pool water | p. 173 |
| Sulphates in swimming pool water | p. 174 |
| Further reading | p. 174 |
| Notes on heating swimming pools and energy conservation | p. 176 |
| Heating open-air swimming pools | p. 176 |
| Heating the water in indoor swimming pools | p. 177 |
| Heating and ventilation of pool halls and adjoining areas | p. 177 |
| Solar heating of swimming pools | p. 179 |
| Further reading | p. 180 |
| Maintenance and repairs to swimming pools | p. 181 |
| Maintenance of swimming pools | p. 181 |
| General considerations | p. 181 |
| Routine supervision: smaller pools | p. 181 |
| Shut-down periods | p. 182 |
| Algal growths: prevention and removal | p. 183 |
| Foot infections | p. 184 |
| Repairs to external works: paving | p. 184 |
| Remedial work to insitu concrete paving for pedestrians | p. 185 |
| Remedial work to insitu concrete paving for light commercial vehicles | p. 186 |
| Remedial work for precast concrete flag paving | p. 186 |
| Remedial work to precast concrete block paving | p. 186 |
| Remedial work to clay pavers | p. 187 |
| Remedial work to slippery paving | p. 187 |
| Preventing trips and falls | p. 188 |
| Repairs to external works: walling | p. 189 |
| Remedial work to free-standing walls | p. 189 |
| Remedial work to earth-retaining walls | p. 189 |
| Remedial work to pools under construction | p. 190 |
| General comments | p. 190 |
| Remedial work to thermal contraction cracks | p. 190 |
| Remedial work to drying shrinkage cracks | p. 191 |
| Remedial work to honeycombed concrete | p. 192 |
| Inadequate concrete cover to the reinforcement | p. 193 |
| Remedial work to existing pools: tracing leaks and investigations | p. 194 |
| Introduction | p. 194 |
| Tracing leaks | p. 196 |
| General investigations | p. 197 |
| Remedial work to existing pools: repairs following leak tracing and investigations | p. 200 |
| Remedial work to leakage | p. 200 |
| Improving support to the pool floor | p. 203 |
| Structural lining to the pool shell | p. 203 |
| Remedial work to finishes | p. 203 |
| Further reading | p. 205 |
| Conversion factors and coefficients | p. 206 |
| Testing swimming pools shells, walkway slabs and other wet areas for watertightness. Commissioning swimming pools | p. 208 |
| Introduction | p. 208 |
| Testing new pools | p. 208 |
| Testing existing pools | p. 209 |
| The leakage test procedure | p. 209 |
| General comments on testing | p. 210 |
| Watertightness test for walkway slabs and other wet areas | p. 211 |
| Commissioning swimming pools (filling and emptying) | p. 211 |
| Investigations, sampling and testing | p. 213 |
| General considerations | p. 213 |
| Sampling and laboratory testing | p. 213 |
| Cover-meter survey | p. 214 |
| The consultant/designer as an expert witness | p. 215 |
| Introduction | p. 215 |
| The form of the Expert's Report | p. 217 |
| The expert witness and the Construction Act 1996 | p. 217 |
| Notes on safety in swimming pools | p. 218 |
| Introduction | p. 218 |
| Water depths for diving | p. 219 |
| Signs for water depths in the pool | p. 219 |
| Other safety signs | p. 219 |
| Outlets for water in the pool floor | p. 219 |
| Water slides and play equipment | p. 219 |
| Slipping and tripping on floors of walkways, changing rooms etc. | p. 220 |
| Chemicals in water treatment | p. 221 |
| List of organisations relevant to this book | p. 223 |
| Index | p. 224 |
| Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
