Symbolic Simulation Methods for Industrial Formal Verification

By: Robert B. Jones

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Hardcover | 30 June 2002

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172 Pages

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This text contains two distinct, but related, approaches to the verification problem. Both are based on symbolic simulation. The first approach is applied at the gate level and has been successful in verifying sub-circuits of industrial microprocessors with tens and even hundreds of thousands of gates. The second approach is applied at a high-level of abstraction and is used for high-level descriptions of designs. Historically, it has been difficult to apply formal verification methods developed in academia to the verification problems encountered in commercial design projects. This book describes new ideas that enable the use of formal methods, specifically symbolic simulation, in validating commercial hardware designs of remarkable complexity. These ideas are demonstrated on circuits with many thousands of latches-much larger circuits than those previously formally verified. The book contains three main topics: self-consistency, a technique for deriving a formal specification of design behaviour from the design itself; the use of the parametric representation to encode predicates as functional vectors for symbolic simulation, an important step in addressing the state-explosion problem; and incremental flushing, a method used to verify high-level descriptions of out-of-order execution. The book concludes with work on verification of simplified models of out-of-order processors.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Electronics & Communications Engineering Electronics Engineering Circuits & Components Computing & I.T.Computer Science Energy Technology & Engineering Electrical Engineering Automatic Control Engineering

List of Figures	p. xi
List of Tables	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xv
Foreword	p. xvii
Introduction	p. 1
Motivation and Philosophy	p. 1
Approach	p. 3
Verification Realities	p. 4
Introduction to Symbolic Simulation	p. 5
BDDs and Bit-Level Symbolic Simulation	p. 7
High-Level Symbolic Simulation	p. 9
Other Approaches	p. 11
Theorem Proving	p. 11
Symbolic Model Checking	p. 11
Justification for Using Symbolic Simulation	p. 12
Scope of the Book	p. 13
Self Consistency	p. 13
Parametric Representations in Symbolic Simulation	p. 14
Incremental Flushing	p. 14
Outline	p. 15
Self Consistency
Self Consistency	p. 19
Computer Architecture Concepts and Terms	p. 19
Introduction to Self Consistency	p. 22
Definitions	p. 25
Pragmatics	p. 26
Verification Reduction	p. 27
Examples	p. 29
Pipeline Bypassing	p. 29
Superscalar Arbitration	p. 30
Related Work	p. 32
Summary	p. 33
Self Consistency in Practice	p. 35
Overview	p. 35
Forte and Symbolic Trajectory Evaluation	p. 36
The Examples	p. 37
P6 Retirement Pipeline	p. 38
Verification	p. 42
Bugs	p. 44
IA-32 Instruction-Length Decoder	p. 44
Verification	p. 46
Bugs	p. 49
Summary	p. 50
Parametric Representations
The Parametric Representation	p. 55
Introduction	p. 55
Verification Decomposition	p. 57
Computation and Correctness	p. 60
Input-Space Partitioning	p. 64
Integration with STE and Theorem Proving	p. 67
Related Work	p. 68
Summary	p. 71
Using the Parametric Representation	p. 73
Overview of Examples	p. 73
Instruction-Length Decoder (IM)	p. 75
Specification	p. 75
Using the Specification	p. 80
Verification Decomposition	p. 82
Bugs	p. 84
Verification Reuse	p. 86
Floating-Point Addition and Subtraction	p. 87
Floating-Point Overview	p. 88
Specification	p. 89
Addition	p. 89
Subtraction	p. 92
Summary	p. 92
Incremental Flushing
Background on Processor Verification	p. 97
Introduction	p. 97
Burch/Dill Flushing	p. 98
The Logic and Validity Checking	p. 100
The Stanford Validity Checker	p. 102
Related Verification Examples	p. 103
Summary	p. 104
Incremental Flushing	p. 105
Introduction	p. 106
Preliminaries	p. 107
The Approach	p. 109
M[subscript I] Flush-Point Simulates M[subscript A]	p. 110
M[subscript A] Flush-Point Simulates M[subscript S]	p. 112
Self Consistency of M[subscript A]	p. 112
Restricted M[subscript A] Flush-Point Simulates M[subscript S]	p. 118
Mechanical Verification	p. 119
Related Work	p. 119
Discussion	p. 122
Conclusions	p. 125
Appendices	p. 127
Proofs	p. 127
Proof of Theorem 3	p. 127
Proof of Theorem 5	p. 131
Statement and Proof of Lemma 1	p. 132
Proof of Theorem 8	p. 133
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Symbolic Simulation Methods for Industrial Formal Verification

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