Techniques and Methods in Urban Remote Sensing

Preface ix

Synopsis of the Book xiii

Acknowledgments xvii

About the Author xix

1 Urban Mapping Requirements 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Spectral Resolution Requirement 3

1.3 Temporal Resolution Requirement 6

1.4 Spatial Resolution Requirement 7

1.5 Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis of Urban Landscape 9

1.6 Summary 25

References 26

2 The Scale Issue 33

2.1 Introduction 33

2.2 Urban Land Mapping and Categorical Scale 34

2.3 Observational Scale and Image Scene Models 36

2.4 Operational Scale 40

2.5 Scale Dependency of Urban Phenomena 41

2.6 Summary 46

References 47

3 Building Extraction and Classification 55

3.1 Introduction 55

3.2 Building Reconstruction 56

3.3 Building Classification 64

References 66

4 Estimation and Mapping of Impervious Surfaces 69

4.1 Introduction 69

4.2 Methods for Impervious Surface Extraction 70

4.3 Case Studies 72

4.4 Summary 85

References 85

5 Land Surface Temperature Data Generation 91

5.1 Introduction 91

5.2 Generating Daily Land Surface Temperature by Data Fusion 95

5.3 Reconstructing Consistent LSTs at Landsat Resolution 111

References 121

6 Urban Heat Islands Modeling and Analysis 129

6.1 Introduction 129

6.2 Characterizing UHIs Using a Convolution Model 130

6.3 Object?Based Extraction of Hot Spots 138

References 146

7 Estimation of Urban Surface Energy Fluxes 151

7.1 Introduction 151

7.2 Data and Methodology 154

7.3 Heat Fluxes in Four Seasons 160

7.4 Heat Fluxes by LULC Type 162

7.5 Extreme Values of Heat Fluxes 164

7.6 Anthropogenic Heat Discharge 166

7.7 Summary 167

References 169

8 Cities at Night 175

8.1 Introduction 175

8.2 Detecting Urban Extent Changes 177

8.3 Spatiotemporal Pattern of Energy Consumption in United States and China 185

References 197

9 Urban Runoff Modeling and Prediction 201

9.1 Introduction 201

9.2 Estimating Composite CN and Simulating Urban Surface Runoff 205

9.3 Surface Water Quality and Urban Land?Cover Changes 212

References 227

10 Urban Ecology of West Nile Virus 233

10.1 Introduction 233

10.2 Research Background 235

10.3 Effect of Landscape and Socioeconomic Conditions on WNV Dissemination in Chicago 236

10.4 WNV?Risk Areas in Southern California, 2007–2009 247

References 260

11 Impacts of Urbanization on Land Surface Temperature and Water Quality 267

11.1 Introduction 267

11.2 Impact of Urbanization?Induced Land?Use and Land?Cover Change on LST 269

11.3 Simulating the Impacts of Future Land?Use and Climate Changes on Surface Water Quality 283

11.4 Summary 299

References 300

12 Remote Sensing of Socioeconomic Attributes 307

12.1 Introduction 307

12.2 Population Estimation Using Landsat ETM+ Imagery 312

12.3 Assessing Urban Environmental Quality Change 322

References 337

Index 343