Teratology in the Twentieth Century : Congenital Malformations in Humans and How their Environmental Causes were Established - H Kalter

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Teratology in the Twentieth Century

Congenital Malformations in Humans and How their Environmental Causes were Established

By: H Kalter

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Hardcover | 6 June 2003

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166 Pages

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23.4 x 15.6 x 0.64

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ing ing ents. 8. New Challenges. 9. Thalidomide. 10. Testing for teratogenicity. 11. Teratological detours. 12. Surveillance of congenital malformations . 13. Epidemiology of congenital malformations. 14. Human disease as ter atogen. 15. Environmental hazards and disasters. 16. Disease medication and teratogenisis. 17. Folic acid and human malformations. 18. Alcohol c onsumption during pregnancy. 19. The accomplishment and the expectation. Bibliography. Index.

Industry Reviews

"While there has been a windstorm of recent information on the relationship of genetics and birth defects, Dr. Kalter has left this discussion untouched, which provides a purity to this book. This is an excellent book..." -Ronald J. Lemire, M.D., University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, in BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH

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Non-Fiction Medicine Other Branches of Medicine Pharmacology Medical Toxicology Clinical & Internal Medicine Neurology & Clinical Neurophysiology Pre-Clinical Medicine & Basic Sciences Human Reproduction, Growth & Development Human Growth & Development Diseases & Disorders Congenital Diseases & Disorders

Medicine in General Public Health & Preventive Medicine Personal & Public Health / Health Education Environmental Factors Science Biology, Life Sciences Developmental Biology

Preface	p. 134
Introductory Matters
Coincidental discoveries	p. 136
Early genetic studies	p. 136
Definitions
Introduction: styles	p. 136
A small parenthesis	p. 137
Congenital means present at birth	p. 137
Malformations: abnormalities of structure	p. 138
Recognition of malformations	p. 138
Major and minor malformations	p. 138
Minor malformations and variants	p. 139
Classification
Introduction: why classify	p. 139
Classification by cause	p. 139
Classification by type	p. 140
Classification by pathogenesis	p. 141
Nomenclature	p. 141
Taxonomic innovations	p. 142
The developmental field concept	p. 143
Frequency
Introduction: early findings	p. 143
Difficulties of establishing frequency	p. 144
A matter of names	p. 144
How often do malformations happen?	p. 145
A definite definition	p. 145
An aside	p. 145
Why investigate malformation frequency	p. 145
Ascertainment	p. 146
Underestimating frequency	p. 146
Overestimating frequency	p. 146
Biological factors	p. 147
Miscellaneous factors	p. 147
Early Human Studies
Introduction: the principal objective	p. 148
X-irradiation
Introduction: animal studies	p. 148
Human pelvic irradiation
Introduction: early radiation use	p. 148
An irradiation-caused abnormality	p. 149
Eye abnormalities	p. 149
Dose, time, and effects	p. 149
Dose matters	p. 150
Murphy's contribution	p. 150
Atomic radiation
The Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs	p. 150
What these studies found	p. 150
Microcephaly and mental retardation	p. 151
Other radiation sources	p. 151
Rubella
Introduction: new perception	p. 152
The discovery	p. 152
The German measles epidemic	p. 152
Teratological principles	p. 152
Timing and malformation pattern	p. 152
The 1964 epidemic	p. 153
Time versus agent: the 'critical' period	p. 153
The debate	p. 154
Gestational age and frequency	p. 154
An old disease	p. 155
A teratogen disappears	p. 155
Other infectious diseases
Influenza	p. 155
Cytomegalovirus	p. 155
Toxoplasmosis	p. 156
Varicella-zoster virus	p. 156
Problems regarding intrauterine infection	p. 156
Intrauterine infection in animals	p. 157
Pioneering Works
Irradiation studies not appreciated	p. 157
Vitamin deficiency
Hale and deficiency of vitamin A	p. 157
Discovery greeted skeptically	p. 158
Warkany and deficiency of riboflavin	p. 158
Searching for the cause	p. 158
The all-important details	p. 159
Cautions and critics	p. 159
Early Experiments
Introduction: new needs and ideas	p. 159
Principles of teratology	p. 160
Vitamin A and diaphragmatic hernia	p. 160
Power of genetics	p. 161
Basis of diaphragmatic hernia	p. 161
Early investigators	p. 162
Trypan blue	p. 162
Trypan blue's teratogenic 'mechanism'	p. 162
Hypoxia	p. 162
A little break: Down syndrome	p. 163
Cortisone studies and by-products	p. 163
Relevance to humans	p. 164
Induced and spontaneous malformations	p. 164
Genetics and individual responses	p. 164
The multifactorial/threshold concept	p. 164
A new concept of embryotoxicity	p. 165
A variety of experiments	p. 165
Vitamin antimetabolites	p. 165
Folic acid	p. 166
Folic acid antimetabolite human use	p. 166
New Challenges
Infant mortality and malformations	p. 166
Teratology conferences	p. 167
The Teratology Society	p. 167
Thalidomide
The event	p. 167
The thalidomide syndrome	p. 168
The revelation	p. 168
Thalidomide: safety and sales	p. 169
Toxicity in adults	p. 169
Thalidomide in the USA	p. 169
Thalidomide's teratogenic mechanism	p. 170
Dose- and time-response relations	p. 170
Animal studies with thalidomide	p. 171
Postscript: was anyone to blame?	p. 172
The future?	p. 172
Testing for Teratogenicity
Proposals for drug testing	p. 173
The procedure	p. 174
The consequence	p. 174
The dose-response curve	p. 174
Teratogens and mutagens	p. 174
Teratological Detours
Bendectin
The product	p. 175
Alleged teratogenicity	p. 176
Legal action	p. 176
Blighted potatoes
Search for the cause of NTD	p. 177
Were potatoes the answer?	p. 177
Animal studies	p. 177
Avoidance trials	p. 177
Female sex hormones
Genital defects	p. 178
Nongenital defects	p. 178
Defect nonspecificity	p. 178
Diethylstilbestrol
Introduction: fetal wastage	p. 179
DES usage	p. 179
The revelation	p. 179
Dosage and timing	p. 179
The Registry	p. 179
The Project	p. 180
Critique	p. 180
Congenital abnormalities	p. 180
Summary and conclusion	p. 181
Surveillance of Congenital Malformations
Introduction: fears and demands	p. 181
Surveillance and monitoring	p. 181
Monitoring's limited abilities	p. 182
Epidemiology of Congenital Malformations
The classical method	p. 182
Epidemiology of malformation communities	p. 183
Familial studies	p. 183
Pyloric stenosis	p. 183
Clefts of the lip and palate	p. 184
Neural tube defects	p. 184
Human Disease as Teratogen
Phenylketonuria
Introduction: discovery and basis	p. 186
Pregnancy outcome	p. 186
Congenital malformations	p. 186
Mental retardation in balance	p. 186
Intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly, and mental retardation	p. 187
Dose and time matters	p. 187
PKU varieties	p. 187
Maternal PKU therapy	p. 188
PKU frequency	p. 188
Population malformation load	p. 188
PKU in animals	p. 189
Antagonist administration studies	p. 189
PKU mutants	p. 189
Embryo culture studies	p. 189
Histidinemia	p. 189
Final word	p. 190
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
An old disease	p. 190
Pregnancy outcome	p. 190
Perinatal mortality	p. 190
Spontaneous abortion	p. 190
Later studies: glycosylated hemoglobin	p. 190
Congenital macrosomia	p. 191
Gestational diabetes	p. 191
Gestational diabetic outcomes	p. 191
Preconceptional diabetes and malformations	p. 191
Minor malformations in diabetic pregnancy	p. 192
Specific malformations	p. 192
Caudal dysplasia	p. 192
CNS malformations	p. 193
Cardiovascular malformations	p. 193
Principles of teratology: applied to diabetes	p. 194
Does diabetes obey teratological principles?	p. 194
Concluding remarks	p. 195
Hyperthermia
Environmental Hazards and Disasters
Introduction: widespread dangers	p. 197
Iodine deficiency	p. 197
The story of iodine	p. 197
Not an ordinary teratogen	p. 197
Endemic goiter	p. 197
Organic mercury
The Minamata epidemic	p. 199
Congenital Minamata disease	p. 199
Source of the methylmercury	p. 200
The Iraq epidemic	p. 200
Matters of environment and dose	p. 200
Studies elsewhere	p. 200
Agent Orange
Wartime use	p. 200
Male exposure toxicity	p. 201
Exposure of Vietnamese nationals	p. 201
Exposure of US military	p. 201
Ranch handers and reproduction	p. 202
Exposure of Australian military	p. 202
Agricultural and occupational herbicide exposure	p. 202
Herbicide exposure and the sex ratio	p. 203
The sex ratio phenomenon	p. 203
Human tampering and the sex ratio	p. 204
The political dimension	p. 205
The aftermath	p. 205
Seveso	p. 205
Sellafield	p. 206
Chernobyl	p. 207
Polychlorinated biphenyls	p. 207
Cola-colored babies	p. 207
PCB-exposed American children	p. 208
Love Canal: a study in political teratology
A chronology	p. 209
The mounting hysteria	p. 209
Love Canal and chromosomes	p. 210
The last word	p. 210
Disease Medication and Teratogenesis
Introduction	p. 210
Retinoids	p. 210
Vitamin A teratology	p. 210
Teratoepidemiology of vitamin A	p. 211
Risk assessment	p. 211
Synthetic retinoids	p. 212
Introduction: vitamin A toxicity	p. 212
Isotretinoin	p. 212
The population at risk	p. 212
The retinoic acid embryopathy	p. 213
Species dosage differences	p. 213
Further teratologic threat: etretinate	p. 213
Acitretin	p. 214
Dose-response relations	p. 214
Topical tretinoin use	p. 214
Anticonvulsant drugs
Introduction: the 'falling sickness'	p. 215
Therapy of epilepsy: fetal consequences	p. 215
Fetal hydantoin syndrome	p. 215
Recognizing minor defects	p. 216
Is epilepsy itself teratogenic?	p. 217
Epilepsy and spontaneous abortion	p. 217
Major congenital malformations	p. 218
Carbamazepine	p. 218
Valproic acid	p. 218
Altered anticonvulsant use	p. 219
Anticonvulsants and neurodevelopment	p. 219
Critique	p. 221
Summary	p. 221
Animal studies	p. 222
Lithium
Its discovery	p. 222
Its teratogenicity	p. 222
Ebstein's anomaly	p. 223
The retraction	p. 223
The finale	p. 224
Folic Acid and Human Malformations
Folic acid deficiency: long-debated effects	p. 224
Maternal folic acid status and NTD	p. 224
Later folate concentration studies	p. 225
The connection develops	p. 225
NTD definition	p. 226
Maternal vitamin usage and NTD	p. 226
Folic acid and NTD recurrence	p. 226
Folic acid and NTD occurrence	p. 228
Atlanta study	p. 229
NIH study	p. 229
Boston study	p. 229
The debate	p. 229
Two widely separated studies	p. 230
Other recent studies
Boston case-control study	p. 230
California study	p. 230
NTD: emigration and acculturation	p. 231
China study	p. 231
Has folic acid prevented NTD?
Folic acid food fortification	p. 232
NTD secular decline	p. 234
Terathanasia	p. 234
Prenatal diagnosis	p. 235
Has the secular decline continued?	p. 236
Addendum	p. 237
Genes and NTD risk	p. 237
Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy
Introduction: blessing and curse	p. 237
Early Seattle study	p. 237
Fetal alcohol syndrome	p. 237
FAS expanded	p. 238
FAS specificity	p. 238
Diagnosing the FAS	p. 239
Fetal alcohol effects	p. 239
The epidemiological process	p. 240
Prospective studies	p. 240
Moderate drinking	p. 240
The NIH study	p. 241
Chronological overview	p. 241
A palpebral fissure parenthesis	p. 242
Major malformations	p. 246
Minor malformations	p. 246
Long-term effects on growth	p. 246
Retrospective studies	p. 247
Orofacial defects	p. 247
Limb defects	p. 248
Other conditions in older children	p. 248
Critique	p. 249
Alcohol and neurodevelopment	p. 249
Longitudinal studies	p. 249
Alcohol and spontaneous abortion	p. 250
Summary and critique	p. 252
Prevalence of the FAS	p. 252
The fundamental problem	p. 254
Animal abortion studies	p. 254
Finale	p. 254
B. Franklin on wine	p. 254
The Accomplishment and the Expectation	p. 255
Bibliography	p. 256
Index	p. 285
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Teratology in the Twentieth Century

Congenital Malformations in Humans and How their Environmental Causes were Established

At a Glance

Hardcover

Industry Reviews

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How to return your order

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