The Analysis of Biological Data

PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

1. Statistics and samples 1

INTERLEAF 1 Biology and the history of statistics 23

2. Displaying data 25

3. Describing data 65

4. Estimating with uncertainty 95

INTERLEAF 2 Pseudoreplication 115

5. Probability 117

6. Hypothesis testing 149

INTERLEAF 3 Why statistical significance is not the same

as biological importance 176

PART 2 PROPORTIONS AND FREQUENCIES

7. Analyzing proportions 179

INTERLEAF 4 Correlation does not require causation 201

8. Fitting probability models to frequency data 203

INTERLEAF 5 Making a plan 233

9. Contingency analysis: associations between

categorical variables 235

Review Problems 1 269

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viii Contents in brief

PART 3 COMPARING NUMERICAL VALUES

10. The normal distribution 273

INTERLEAF 6 Controls in medical studies 301

11. Inference for a normal population 303

12. Comparing two means 327

INTERLEAF 7 Which test should I use? 366

13. Handling violations of assumptions 369

Review Problems 2 417

14. Designing experiments 423

INTERLEAF 8 Data dredging 456

15. Comparing means of more than two groups 459

INTERLEAF 9 Experimental and statistical mistakes 500

PART 4 REGRESSION AND CORRELATION

16. Correlation between numerical variables 503

INTERLEAF 10 Publication bias 535

17. Regression 539

INTERLEAF 11 Using species as data points 593

Review Problems 3 597

PART 5 MODERN STATISTICAL METHODS

18. Multiple explanatory variables 605

19. Computer-intensive methods 635

20. Likelihood 655

21. Meta-analysis: combining information from

multiple studies 681