Introduction to Subluxation Theories | |
General Introduction | p. 3 |
The Science of Chiropractic | p. 4 |
How Important Are Theories to a Health-Care Profession's Development? | p. 6 |
The Theories of Chiropractors | p. 7 |
Summary | p. 10 |
History of the Chiropractic Theories | p. 13 |
Manipulation Before Chiropractic | p. 13 |
D. D. Palmer and the Revival of Spinal Manipulation | p. 15 |
The First Decades: Dissent, Jail, and Division | p. 18 |
The Middle to Late Twentieth Century: Education and Research of New Ideas | p. 23 |
Summary | p. 26 |
Chiropractic Terminology | p. 29 |
Traditional Definitions of the Manipulable Lesion | p. 30 |
Acc Consensus and Paradigm | p. 37 |
Summary | p. 40 |
Philosophy: Foundation for Theory Development | p. 43 |
Principles of Philosophy | p. 44 |
Philosophy and Chiropractic: Divisions in the Profession | p. 45 |
The Significance of a Unified Philosophy of Chiropractic | p. 47 |
Summary | p. 52 |
Introduction to Chiropractic Research Principles | |
Principles of Measurement, Research, and Statistics | p. 57 |
What is Research? | p. 57 |
Principles and Methods of Statistics | p. 59 |
Beyond Descriptive Statistics | p. 65 |
Inferential Statistics | p. 73 |
Minimum Standards for Chiropractic Research | p. 78 |
Summary | p. 78 |
Strategy for Validation of Subluxation Theories: Proposed Minimum Process | p. 81 |
Why A Validation Process? | p. 82 |
Proposed Minimum Process for Theory Validation | p. 92 |
Until Validation: Theory, Practice, and a Research Agenda | p. 101 |
Summary | p. 102 |
Chiropractic Research and the Scientist Practitioner Model | p. 107 |
Attitudes and Actions: Moving in a New Direction | p. 109 |
Key Elements of Scientific Inquiry | p. 114 |
Summary | p. 124 |
Experimental and Clinical Evidence of the Subluxation Complex Model | |
Inflammation Hypothesis | p. 131 |
Acute Inflammatory Response | p. 132 |
Discussion: Inflammation and the Arthritides | p. 134 |
Summary | p. 135 |
Segmental Dysfunction Hypothesis: Joint and Muscle Pathology and Facilitation | p. 137 |
Early Evidence of Fixation | p. 139 |
Myopathology as a Precursor to Facilitation | p. 139 |
Experimental Evidence for Facet Joint Dysfunction | p. 146 |
Neurobiologic Models of Segmental Dysfunction | p. 151 |
Physiology and Physics of Synovial Joint Adjustment | p. 158 |
Measures of Spinal Dysfunction: Validity and Reliability Issues | p. 162 |
Segmental or Regional Dysfunction? | p. 183 |
Discussion: SDF, the First Phase of VSC | p. 190 |
Summary | p. 197 |
Instability Hypothesis | p. 207 |
Spinography and Imaging in Chiropractic | p. 208 |
Causes of Intervertebral Subluxation | p. 210 |
Subluxation and Instability: VSC Phase 2 | p. 216 |
Discussion: The Second Phase of VSC | p. 226 |
Summary | p. 229 |
Immobilization Degeneration Hypothesis | p. 235 |
Experimental Evidence for Degeneration | p. 236 |
Anatomic Considerations in Degeneration of the Zygapophyses and Intervertebral Discs | p. 241 |
Stabilization: The Final Phase of the Spinal Lesion | p. 243 |
Discussion: The Third Phase of VSC | p. 246 |
Summary | p. 248 |
Neuropathology Hypothesis | p. 251 |
The Pinched Nerve Theory? | p. 251 |
Nerve Blood Flow and Neurologic Dysfunction--A Biologic Problem? | p. 254 |
Clinical Considerations | p. 261 |
Discussion: Neuropathology and Beyond: Influence of Nonpainful Lesions on Viscera? | p. 263 |
Summary | p. 265 |
Somatoautonomic Reflex Hypothesis | p. 269 |
Modulation of Spinal Reflexes | p. 270 |
Somatoautonomic Dysfunction | p. 271 |
CMT and Neurologic Disorders | p. 276 |
CMT and Organic Disorders | p. 282 |
Discussion: "Somatic Visceral Disease Mimicry" and Somatoautonomic Reflexes | p. 301 |
Summary | p. 305 |
Myelopathy Hypothesis | p. 311 |
Historical Chiropractic Concepts of Myelopathy | p. 311 |
Subluxations in the Medical Literature | p. 312 |
Experimental Studies | p. 313 |
Cervical Subluxation and Sudden Infant Death | p. 314 |
Clinical Aspects of Myelopathy | p. 317 |
Discussion | p. 322 |
Summary | p. 324 |
Hypothesis of Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency | p. 327 |
Characteristics of VBI | p. 328 |
Chiropractic Clinical Considerations | p. 331 |
Cerebrovascular Accidents Associated with Adjustments | p. 333 |
Ethics, Informed Consent, and the Risk-Benefit Ratio | p. 335 |
Summary | p. 336 |
Neuroimmune Hypothesis | p. 339 |
Traditional Theories of Immunity | p. 341 |
Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome | p. 344 |
Neuroendocrine-Immune Connection | p. 346 |
Mechanism of Reflex Immunologic Competence | p. 348 |
Hypothalamus and Immunity | p. 352 |
Spinal Lesions and Immunity | p. 354 |
Discussion | p. 356 |
Summary | p. 359 |
Clinical Aspects of Chiropractic Theory: Manipulative Effectiveness for Musculoskeletal Syndromes, Lesions, and Undifferentiated Disorders | p. 363 |
Manipulative Effectiveness for Musculoskeletal Syndromes and Lesions | p. 364 |
Manipulative Effectiveness for Undifferentiated Musculoskeletal Disorders | p. 377 |
Discussion | p. 383 |
Summary | p. 384 |
Axoplasmic Aberration Hypothesis | p. 389 |
Unifying Transport Mechanism | p. 389 |
Anterograde and Retrograde Axt | p. 390 |
Nerve Compression and AXT | p. 391 |
Discussion | p. 392 |
Summary | p. 393 |
Alternative Approaches to Chiropractic Theory | |
Wellness Hypothesis | p. 399 |
Why Wellness? | p. 399 |
A Wellness Model for Chiropractic | p. 402 |
Discussion | p. 412 |
Summary | p. 412 |
Social Theory of Chiropractic | p. 417 |
Foundations | p. 417 |
Assumptions | p. 418 |
Theoretical Models | p. 419 |
Chiropractic's Role in Society | p. 420 |
Summary | p. 422 |
The Future of Chiropractic Research | |
Disproved and Untested Hypotheses | p. 427 |
Is There Experimental and Clinical Support for VSC? | p. 427 |
Untested Hypotheses | p. 432 |
Discussion | p. 434 |
Summary | p. 436 |
New Questions: Promising Areas for Future Research | p. 439 |
ACC: Chiropractic Philosophy and Mission | p. 441 |
Chiropractic Basic Science Research | p. 441 |
Chiropractic Clinical Investigations | p. 443 |
Discussion | p. 452 |
Summary | p. 453 |
Index | p. 457 |
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