The Chiropractic Theories

A Textbook of Scientific Research : 4th Edition

By: Robert A. Leach

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Hardcover | 12 January 2004 | Edition Number 4

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Designed to be a primary reference for chiropractic students, this is a concise, scientific survey of chiropractic theories based on current research. Completely restructured for the Fourth Edition, this book focuses on the most current biomedical research on the three phase model of vertebral subluxation complex (V.S.C.). This is a useful reference for students studying for the National Board of Chiropractors Examination Parts II, III, and IV, as well as a post-graduate reference providing information on the chiropractic perspective on health and wellness, nutrition, exercise, psychosocial issues, and case management principles for wellness care. This new text focuses on developing critical thinking among chiropractic students, and includes new contributors and new chapters on principles of statistics and a minimum process for validation of chiropractic theory.

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Introduction to Subluxation Theories
General Introduction	p. 3
The Science of Chiropractic	p. 4
How Important Are Theories to a Health-Care Profession's Development?	p. 6
The Theories of Chiropractors	p. 7
Summary	p. 10
History of the Chiropractic Theories	p. 13
Manipulation Before Chiropractic	p. 13
D. D. Palmer and the Revival of Spinal Manipulation	p. 15
The First Decades: Dissent, Jail, and Division	p. 18
The Middle to Late Twentieth Century: Education and Research of New Ideas	p. 23
Summary	p. 26
Chiropractic Terminology	p. 29
Traditional Definitions of the Manipulable Lesion	p. 30
Acc Consensus and Paradigm	p. 37
Summary	p. 40
Philosophy: Foundation for Theory Development	p. 43
Principles of Philosophy	p. 44
Philosophy and Chiropractic: Divisions in the Profession	p. 45
The Significance of a Unified Philosophy of Chiropractic	p. 47
Summary	p. 52
Introduction to Chiropractic Research Principles
Principles of Measurement, Research, and Statistics	p. 57
What is Research?	p. 57
Principles and Methods of Statistics	p. 59
Beyond Descriptive Statistics	p. 65
Inferential Statistics	p. 73
Minimum Standards for Chiropractic Research	p. 78
Summary	p. 78
Strategy for Validation of Subluxation Theories: Proposed Minimum Process	p. 81
Why A Validation Process?	p. 82
Proposed Minimum Process for Theory Validation	p. 92
Until Validation: Theory, Practice, and a Research Agenda	p. 101
Summary	p. 102
Chiropractic Research and the Scientist Practitioner Model	p. 107
Attitudes and Actions: Moving in a New Direction	p. 109
Key Elements of Scientific Inquiry	p. 114
Summary	p. 124
Experimental and Clinical Evidence of the Subluxation Complex Model
Inflammation Hypothesis	p. 131
Acute Inflammatory Response	p. 132
Discussion: Inflammation and the Arthritides	p. 134
Summary	p. 135
Segmental Dysfunction Hypothesis: Joint and Muscle Pathology and Facilitation	p. 137
Early Evidence of Fixation	p. 139
Myopathology as a Precursor to Facilitation	p. 139
Experimental Evidence for Facet Joint Dysfunction	p. 146
Neurobiologic Models of Segmental Dysfunction	p. 151
Physiology and Physics of Synovial Joint Adjustment	p. 158
Measures of Spinal Dysfunction: Validity and Reliability Issues	p. 162
Segmental or Regional Dysfunction?	p. 183
Discussion: SDF, the First Phase of VSC	p. 190
Summary	p. 197
Instability Hypothesis	p. 207
Spinography and Imaging in Chiropractic	p. 208
Causes of Intervertebral Subluxation	p. 210
Subluxation and Instability: VSC Phase 2	p. 216
Discussion: The Second Phase of VSC	p. 226
Summary	p. 229
Immobilization Degeneration Hypothesis	p. 235
Experimental Evidence for Degeneration	p. 236
Anatomic Considerations in Degeneration of the Zygapophyses and Intervertebral Discs	p. 241
Stabilization: The Final Phase of the Spinal Lesion	p. 243
Discussion: The Third Phase of VSC	p. 246
Summary	p. 248
Neuropathology Hypothesis	p. 251
The Pinched Nerve Theory?	p. 251
Nerve Blood Flow and Neurologic Dysfunction--A Biologic Problem?	p. 254
Clinical Considerations	p. 261
Discussion: Neuropathology and Beyond: Influence of Nonpainful Lesions on Viscera?	p. 263
Summary	p. 265
Somatoautonomic Reflex Hypothesis	p. 269
Modulation of Spinal Reflexes	p. 270
Somatoautonomic Dysfunction	p. 271
CMT and Neurologic Disorders	p. 276
CMT and Organic Disorders	p. 282
Discussion: "Somatic Visceral Disease Mimicry" and Somatoautonomic Reflexes	p. 301
Summary	p. 305
Myelopathy Hypothesis	p. 311
Historical Chiropractic Concepts of Myelopathy	p. 311
Subluxations in the Medical Literature	p. 312
Experimental Studies	p. 313
Cervical Subluxation and Sudden Infant Death	p. 314
Clinical Aspects of Myelopathy	p. 317
Discussion	p. 322
Summary	p. 324
Hypothesis of Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency	p. 327
Characteristics of VBI	p. 328
Chiropractic Clinical Considerations	p. 331
Cerebrovascular Accidents Associated with Adjustments	p. 333
Ethics, Informed Consent, and the Risk-Benefit Ratio	p. 335
Summary	p. 336
Neuroimmune Hypothesis	p. 339
Traditional Theories of Immunity	p. 341
Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome	p. 344
Neuroendocrine-Immune Connection	p. 346
Mechanism of Reflex Immunologic Competence	p. 348
Hypothalamus and Immunity	p. 352
Spinal Lesions and Immunity	p. 354
Discussion	p. 356
Summary	p. 359
Clinical Aspects of Chiropractic Theory: Manipulative Effectiveness for Musculoskeletal Syndromes, Lesions, and Undifferentiated Disorders	p. 363
Manipulative Effectiveness for Musculoskeletal Syndromes and Lesions	p. 364
Manipulative Effectiveness for Undifferentiated Musculoskeletal Disorders	p. 377
Discussion	p. 383
Summary	p. 384
Axoplasmic Aberration Hypothesis	p. 389
Unifying Transport Mechanism	p. 389
Anterograde and Retrograde Axt	p. 390
Nerve Compression and AXT	p. 391
Discussion	p. 392
Summary	p. 393
Alternative Approaches to Chiropractic Theory
Wellness Hypothesis	p. 399
Why Wellness?	p. 399
A Wellness Model for Chiropractic	p. 402
Discussion	p. 412
Summary	p. 412
Social Theory of Chiropractic	p. 417
Foundations	p. 417
Assumptions	p. 418
Theoretical Models	p. 419
Chiropractic's Role in Society	p. 420
Summary	p. 422
The Future of Chiropractic Research
Disproved and Untested Hypotheses	p. 427
Is There Experimental and Clinical Support for VSC?	p. 427
Untested Hypotheses	p. 432
Discussion	p. 434
Summary	p. 436
New Questions: Promising Areas for Future Research	p. 439
ACC: Chiropractic Philosophy and Mission	p. 441
Chiropractic Basic Science Research	p. 441
Chiropractic Clinical Investigations	p. 443
Discussion	p. 452
Summary	p. 453
Index	p. 457
Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved.

The Chiropractic Theories

A Textbook of Scientific Research : 4th Edition

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