| Acknowledgements | p. xi |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Outline | p. 1 |
| Tense and aspect | p. 3 |
| Contexts and temporal specifications | p. 9 |
| The tenses in German | p. 9 |
| Temporal interpretation and individuals | p. 13 |
| A formal semantic implementation of tense and aspect | p. 14 |
| Basic assumptions concerning temporal interpretation | p. 14 |
| Basic assumptions concerning the syntax-semantics interface | p. 18 |
| Semantic composition | p. 18 |
| Conclusion | p. 20 |
| The Semantics of the Present Perfect | p. 21 |
| Perfectly compositional? | p. 21 |
| The problem | p. 21 |
| Some characteristics of the present perfect | p. 23 |
| The morphosyntactic source of the anteriority component | p. 26 |
| The stativity of perfect constructions | p. 32 |
| Application of standard tests | p. 32 |
| TS-specification and TT-specification by positional adverbials and the role of the present tense in present perfect constructions | p. 35 |
| The aspect in perfect clauses | p. 38 |
| Consequences for the theory of aspect | p. 38 |
| Identifying the synchronic anteriority component: an optimality approach to focus effects | p. 39 |
| Conclusion, formal semantic account, and refinements | p. 53 |
| Outline of the semantic composition of perfect constructions | p. 53 |
| Formal semantic interpretation | p. 58 |
| Brief comparison to Reichenbach (1947) and Klein (1992a, 1992b, 1994) | p. 60 |
| Conclusion | p. 60 |
| The Meaning Effects of the Present Perfect | p. 63 |
| The problem | p. 63 |
| The effects of the present perfect | p. 64 |
| Previous accounts | p. 67 |
| How pragmatic principles operate on the semantics | p. 73 |
| Situation times of VP and post-state: informative contrasts | p. 74 |
| Values of times | p. 75 |
| Direct time values | p. 75 |
| Time values provided by noun phrases | p. 77 |
| A survey of the options for providing time values | p. 81 |
| The topical status of times | p. 84 |
| The proportion of situation times and their restrictors | p. 87 |
| Why past tense and present perfect often can be substituted by each other | p. 88 |
| Completedness effects | p. 90 |
| Momentary situations in the past | p. 90 |
| Completedness by implicature | p. 91 |
| Effects of the Principle of Informative Contrast (PIC) | p. 92 |
| Effects by anteriority focus | p. 93 |
| Indefiniteness effects | p. 94 |
| Present relevance | p. 95 |
| Cause and result | p. 95 |
| Preferences for designated post-states | p. 97 |
| The time just before the time of utterance | p. 98 |
| Stage-level-to-individual-level switches: Mozart's lung disease | p. 98 |
| Individual-level-to-stage-level switches: temporary intelligence | p. 100 |
| Switches with the past perfect | p. 100 |
| No switches with the present perfect | p. 103 |
| English vs. German: Einstein and Princeton | p. 105 |
| Conclusion | p. 106 |
| Types of Temporal Adverbials | p. 109 |
| Introduction | p. 109 |
| Quantificational adverbials, position adverbials, and duration adverbials | p. 109 |
| Duration adverbials and situation types | p. 111 |
| Distinguishing position and duration adverbials | p. 112 |
| The interpretation of nonquantificational temporal adverbials | p. 115 |
| Interactions with Temporal Adverbials | p. 117 |
| Introduction | p. 117 |
| The formal integration of temporal adverbials in semantic representations | p. 118 |
| Temporal adverbials on the tense level, aspect level, and participle level | p. 118 |
| Distinguishing tense level and aspect level | p. 118 |
| Position adverbials on the tense level and on the aspect level in simple tense clauses | p. 120 |
| Position adverbials on the tense level and on the aspect level in perfect clauses | p. 120 |
| Position adverbials on the participle level | p. 121 |
| Duration adverbials on the aspect level and on the participle level in perfect clauses | p. 122 |
| Duration adverbials on the tense level in perfect clauses? | p. 122 |
| Duration adverbials on the tense level in simple tense clauses | p. 123 |
| Quantificational adverbials on the tense level, aspect level, and participle level | p. 123 |
| Definite and indefinite adverbs of quantification | p. 124 |
| Conclusion | p. 124 |
| Temporal adverbials as frame-setting modifiers | p. 125 |
| Temporal adverbials as restrictors of nontemporal quantifiers | p. 127 |
| Temporal adverbials below the participle level | p. 127 |
| Temporal adverbials with quantificational and nonquantificational components | p. 128 |
| Iteration of adverbials on a single level | p. 130 |
| On universal perfect readings | p. 130 |
| Remarks concerning negation | p. 131 |
| Summary | p. 134 |
| The Contribution of Particular Adverbials | p. 137 |
| Introduction | p. 137 |
| Seit-adverbials: 'up-to-TT' interpretations | p. 141 |
| Introduction | p. 141 |
| Up-to-TT adverbials: dependence on the tense time and specifications of the aspect time | p. 143 |
| What seit-position-adverbials can apply to | p. 146 |
| Seit-position-adverbials and seit-duration-adverbials | p. 148 |
| On the edges of seit-intervals | p. 152 |
| The semantics of seit and some applications | p. 154 |
| Extended now theories of perfect constructions: apparent evidence by up-to-TT-adverbials and why it is misleading | p. 157 |
| Existential and universal perfect readings | p. 161 |
| Temporal bis-adverbials: 'TT-independent' interpretations | p. 167 |
| Introduction | p. 167 |
| What bis-adverbials can apply to | p. 171 |
| Temporal in-adverbials | p. 173 |
| Adverbials of the type x-lang | p. 179 |
| Conclusion | p. 180 |
| Temporal Subordinate Clauses, Conjunctions, and Matrix Clauses | p. 183 |
| Introduction | p. 183 |
| What the chapter is about | p. 183 |
| More about temporal subordinate clauses | p. 188 |
| 'Simultaneity' between main clause and subclause | p. 189 |
| Als (definite, past-oriented 'when') and general characteristics of the semantics of temporal subordinate clauses | p. 189 |
| Wenn ('when') | p. 204 |
| Wahrend ('while') | p. 208 |
| Differences between als, wenn and wahrend | p. 212 |
| Time parameters of the main clause before time parameters of the subclause | p. 213 |
| Bevor and ehe ('before') | p. 213 |
| Bis ('until') | p. 220 |
| Time parameters of the main clause after time parameters of the subclause | p. 224 |
| Nachdem ('after') | p. 224 |
| Seit(dem) ('since') | p. 231 |
| Durational subclauses: solange ('as long as') | p. 236 |
| Conclusion | p. 239 |
| On the Syntax of Temporal Adverbials | p. 241 |
| Introduction | p. 241 |
| The unmarked surface order of temporal adverbials of a single level | p. 241 |
| Preposing of temporal adverbials in English | p. 243 |
| 'Topicalization' of temporal adverbials in German | p. 245 |
| Scrambling of temporal adverbials | p. 248 |
| Summary: base positions and surface positions of temporal adverbials | p. 250 |
| Conclusion | p. 253 |
| References | p. 259 |
| Index | p. 267 |
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