| Preface | p. xi |
| Acknowledgments | p. xiii |
| List of figures | p. xv |
| List of tables | p. xxiii |
| List of abbreviations and acronyms | p. xxv |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Book overview | p. 1 |
| Acoustic signals and data acquisition | p. 7 |
| Sonar mapping systems | p. 7 |
| Acoustic theory; basics | p. 9 |
| Acoustic waves | p. 9 |
| Acoustic propagation | p. 10 |
| Acoustic scattering; theory | p. 15 |
| Signal generation and data acquisition | p. 18 |
| Acoustic projectors | p. 18 |
| Hydrophones and arrays | p. 21 |
| Signal conditioning | p. 21 |
| New concepts; new tools | p. 23 |
| Higher frequencies; higher resolutions | p. 23 |
| Multistatic sonars | p. 24 |
| Synthetic aperture sonar | p. 25 |
| Parametric sidescan sonar | p. 27 |
| Biomimetics | p. 29 |
| Sonar performance | p. 30 |
| Conclusion | p. 32 |
| Further reading | p. 33 |
| Imagery and bathymetry | p. 35 |
| Processing acoustic measurements | p. 35 |
| Sidescan sonar imagery | p. 37 |
| Slant range and ground range | p. 37 |
| Backscatter strength | p. 38 |
| Adding bathymetry | p. 40 |
| Sidescan bathymetry and interferometry | p. 40 |
| Multibeam bathymetry | p. 43 |
| Merging imagery and bathymetry | p. 43 |
| Conclusion | p. 46 |
| Further reading | p. 46 |
| Sidescan sonar data processing | p. 49 |
| Backscatter profiles | p. 49 |
| Navigation and attitude | p. 50 |
| Navigation of surface vehicles | p. 50 |
| Navigation of underwater vehicles | p. 52 |
| Attitude information | p. 56 |
| Pre-processing | p. 57 |
| Definitions | p. 57 |
| Data formats | p. 57 |
| Navigation pre-processing | p. 58 |
| Attitude pre-processing | p. 61 |
| Radiometric corrections | p. 62 |
| Requantization | p. 62 |
| Across-track corrections | p. 63 |
| Along-track corrections | p. 63 |
| Geometric corrections | p. 65 |
| Slant-range correction | p. 65 |
| Anamorphosis | p. 66 |
| Bathymetry processing | p. 67 |
| Map production | p. 68 |
| Mosaicking/Stenciling | p. 68 |
| Interpolation/Rubbersheeting | p. 68 |
| Post-processing | p. 69 |
| Image statistics | p. 69 |
| Histogram manipulations | p. 70 |
| Speckle removal | p. 73 |
| Sea surface reflection removal | p. 74 |
| Operational examples | p. 75 |
| Interpretation of sonar images | p. 77 |
| Conclusion | p. 82 |
| Further reading | p. 83 |
| Spreading and subduction | p. 85 |
| Plate tectonics and the seafloor | p. 85 |
| Tectonic structures | p. 89 |
| Volcanic structures | p. 94 |
| Sedimented areas | p. 102 |
| Hydrothermal structures | p. 103 |
| Seafloor structures associated with subduction | p. 106 |
| Examples of regional imagery | p. 112 |
| Conclusions | p. 114 |
| Further reading | p. 116 |
| Abyssal basins and the polar seas | p. 117 |
| Introduction | p. 117 |
| Using ancillary information | p. 118 |
| Other acoustic tools | p. 118 |
| Non-acoustic remote sensing | p. 120 |
| Direct sampling | p. 122 |
| Abyssal basins | p. 122 |
| Geological background | p. 122 |
| Sediment input | p. 124 |
| Relict structures | p. 128 |
| Sedimentary structures | p. 129 |
| Polar seas | p. 133 |
| General setting | p. 133 |
| Ice-related structures | p. 135 |
| Other typical structures | p. 137 |
| Regional imagery: the Hawaiian Abyssal Plain | p. 138 |
| Conclusion | p. 143 |
| Further reading | p. 144 |
| Continental margins | p. 147 |
| Introduction | p. 147 |
| Sedimentary structures | p. 149 |
| Sediment deposition and erosion | p. 149 |
| Sediment transport-submarine canyons | p. 151 |
| Mass-wasting, slides, and flows | p. 159 |
| Sediment redistribution | p. 161 |
| Tectonic and volcanic structures | p. 165 |
| Other structures | p. 168 |
| Biological activity-past and present | p. 168 |
| Fluid and gas seepage structures | p. 172 |
| Brine pools | p. 176 |
| Regional imagery | p. 177 |
| The Blake Escarpment, North Atlantic | p. 177 |
| The Almeria Canyon and Almeria Margin, Mediterranean Sea | p. 179 |
| Conclusions | p. 182 |
| Further reading | p. 183 |
| Shallow-water environments | p. 185 |
| Introduction | p. 185 |
| Sedimentary structures | p. 186 |
| Rock outcrops | p. 190 |
| Biological structures | p. 194 |
| Regional imagery | p. 196 |
| Conclusion | p. 199 |
| Further reading | p. 199 |
| Man-made structures | p. 201 |
| Introduction | p. 201 |
| Planned structures | p. 201 |
| Pipelines-cables | p. 201 |
| Dump sites | p. 204 |
| Harbor areas | p. 206 |
| Seabed resources and their exploitation | p. 207 |
| Accidental structures | p. 208 |
| Fishing activities | p. 208 |
| Shipwrecks | p. 211 |
| Pollution | p. 215 |
| Seabed waste and military mines | p. 217 |
| Seabed waste | p. 217 |
| Military mines | p. 218 |
| Sonars and underwater archeology | p. 220 |
| Conclusion | p. 221 |
| Further reading | p. 222 |
| Anomalies and artifacts | p. 223 |
| Introduction | p. 223 |
| Propagation artifacts | p. 224 |
| Water column variations | p. 224 |
| Beam spreading | p. 226 |
| Acoustic noise | p. 227 |
| Physical (scattering) artifacts | p. 227 |
| Sub-surface reflections | p. 227 |
| Multipath scattering | p. 228 |
| Unexpected features | p. 233 |
| Processing artifacts | p. 235 |
| Radiometric artifacts | p. 235 |
| Geometric artifacts | p. 237 |
| Slant-range correction-layover | p. 243 |
| Identifying the origin of artifacts | p. 244 |
| Interpretation of artifacts | p. 246 |
| Output/display artifacts | p. 246 |
| Unexpected features | p. 247 |
| Conclusion | p. 247 |
| Further reading | p. 248 |
| Computer-assisted interpretation | p. 249 |
| Introduction | p. 249 |
| Traditional techniques | p. 250 |
| Image enhancement | p. 250 |
| Contour-oriented analyses | p. 255 |
| Texture-oriented analyses | p. 262 |
| New techniques | p. 264 |
| Data fusion and Geographic Information Systems | p. 264 |
| Neural networks and genetic algorithms | p. 268 |
| Image compression | p. 270 |
| Seabed characterization | p. 270 |
| Goals, purposes, limits | p. 270 |
| Applications | p. 272 |
| Artificial Intelligence-expert systems | p. 274 |
| Conclusion | p. 275 |
| Further reading | p. 275 |
| Conclusion | p. 277 |
| References | p. 279 |
| Index | p. 313 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
