Preface | p. xi |
Acknowledgments | p. xiii |
List of figures | p. xv |
List of tables | p. xxiii |
List of abbreviations and acronyms | p. xxv |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Book overview | p. 1 |
Acoustic signals and data acquisition | p. 7 |
Sonar mapping systems | p. 7 |
Acoustic theory; basics | p. 9 |
Acoustic waves | p. 9 |
Acoustic propagation | p. 10 |
Acoustic scattering; theory | p. 15 |
Signal generation and data acquisition | p. 18 |
Acoustic projectors | p. 18 |
Hydrophones and arrays | p. 21 |
Signal conditioning | p. 21 |
New concepts; new tools | p. 23 |
Higher frequencies; higher resolutions | p. 23 |
Multistatic sonars | p. 24 |
Synthetic aperture sonar | p. 25 |
Parametric sidescan sonar | p. 27 |
Biomimetics | p. 29 |
Sonar performance | p. 30 |
Conclusion | p. 32 |
Further reading | p. 33 |
Imagery and bathymetry | p. 35 |
Processing acoustic measurements | p. 35 |
Sidescan sonar imagery | p. 37 |
Slant range and ground range | p. 37 |
Backscatter strength | p. 38 |
Adding bathymetry | p. 40 |
Sidescan bathymetry and interferometry | p. 40 |
Multibeam bathymetry | p. 43 |
Merging imagery and bathymetry | p. 43 |
Conclusion | p. 46 |
Further reading | p. 46 |
Sidescan sonar data processing | p. 49 |
Backscatter profiles | p. 49 |
Navigation and attitude | p. 50 |
Navigation of surface vehicles | p. 50 |
Navigation of underwater vehicles | p. 52 |
Attitude information | p. 56 |
Pre-processing | p. 57 |
Definitions | p. 57 |
Data formats | p. 57 |
Navigation pre-processing | p. 58 |
Attitude pre-processing | p. 61 |
Radiometric corrections | p. 62 |
Requantization | p. 62 |
Across-track corrections | p. 63 |
Along-track corrections | p. 63 |
Geometric corrections | p. 65 |
Slant-range correction | p. 65 |
Anamorphosis | p. 66 |
Bathymetry processing | p. 67 |
Map production | p. 68 |
Mosaicking/Stenciling | p. 68 |
Interpolation/Rubbersheeting | p. 68 |
Post-processing | p. 69 |
Image statistics | p. 69 |
Histogram manipulations | p. 70 |
Speckle removal | p. 73 |
Sea surface reflection removal | p. 74 |
Operational examples | p. 75 |
Interpretation of sonar images | p. 77 |
Conclusion | p. 82 |
Further reading | p. 83 |
Spreading and subduction | p. 85 |
Plate tectonics and the seafloor | p. 85 |
Tectonic structures | p. 89 |
Volcanic structures | p. 94 |
Sedimented areas | p. 102 |
Hydrothermal structures | p. 103 |
Seafloor structures associated with subduction | p. 106 |
Examples of regional imagery | p. 112 |
Conclusions | p. 114 |
Further reading | p. 116 |
Abyssal basins and the polar seas | p. 117 |
Introduction | p. 117 |
Using ancillary information | p. 118 |
Other acoustic tools | p. 118 |
Non-acoustic remote sensing | p. 120 |
Direct sampling | p. 122 |
Abyssal basins | p. 122 |
Geological background | p. 122 |
Sediment input | p. 124 |
Relict structures | p. 128 |
Sedimentary structures | p. 129 |
Polar seas | p. 133 |
General setting | p. 133 |
Ice-related structures | p. 135 |
Other typical structures | p. 137 |
Regional imagery: the Hawaiian Abyssal Plain | p. 138 |
Conclusion | p. 143 |
Further reading | p. 144 |
Continental margins | p. 147 |
Introduction | p. 147 |
Sedimentary structures | p. 149 |
Sediment deposition and erosion | p. 149 |
Sediment transport-submarine canyons | p. 151 |
Mass-wasting, slides, and flows | p. 159 |
Sediment redistribution | p. 161 |
Tectonic and volcanic structures | p. 165 |
Other structures | p. 168 |
Biological activity-past and present | p. 168 |
Fluid and gas seepage structures | p. 172 |
Brine pools | p. 176 |
Regional imagery | p. 177 |
The Blake Escarpment, North Atlantic | p. 177 |
The Almeria Canyon and Almeria Margin, Mediterranean Sea | p. 179 |
Conclusions | p. 182 |
Further reading | p. 183 |
Shallow-water environments | p. 185 |
Introduction | p. 185 |
Sedimentary structures | p. 186 |
Rock outcrops | p. 190 |
Biological structures | p. 194 |
Regional imagery | p. 196 |
Conclusion | p. 199 |
Further reading | p. 199 |
Man-made structures | p. 201 |
Introduction | p. 201 |
Planned structures | p. 201 |
Pipelines-cables | p. 201 |
Dump sites | p. 204 |
Harbor areas | p. 206 |
Seabed resources and their exploitation | p. 207 |
Accidental structures | p. 208 |
Fishing activities | p. 208 |
Shipwrecks | p. 211 |
Pollution | p. 215 |
Seabed waste and military mines | p. 217 |
Seabed waste | p. 217 |
Military mines | p. 218 |
Sonars and underwater archeology | p. 220 |
Conclusion | p. 221 |
Further reading | p. 222 |
Anomalies and artifacts | p. 223 |
Introduction | p. 223 |
Propagation artifacts | p. 224 |
Water column variations | p. 224 |
Beam spreading | p. 226 |
Acoustic noise | p. 227 |
Physical (scattering) artifacts | p. 227 |
Sub-surface reflections | p. 227 |
Multipath scattering | p. 228 |
Unexpected features | p. 233 |
Processing artifacts | p. 235 |
Radiometric artifacts | p. 235 |
Geometric artifacts | p. 237 |
Slant-range correction-layover | p. 243 |
Identifying the origin of artifacts | p. 244 |
Interpretation of artifacts | p. 246 |
Output/display artifacts | p. 246 |
Unexpected features | p. 247 |
Conclusion | p. 247 |
Further reading | p. 248 |
Computer-assisted interpretation | p. 249 |
Introduction | p. 249 |
Traditional techniques | p. 250 |
Image enhancement | p. 250 |
Contour-oriented analyses | p. 255 |
Texture-oriented analyses | p. 262 |
New techniques | p. 264 |
Data fusion and Geographic Information Systems | p. 264 |
Neural networks and genetic algorithms | p. 268 |
Image compression | p. 270 |
Seabed characterization | p. 270 |
Goals, purposes, limits | p. 270 |
Applications | p. 272 |
Artificial Intelligence-expert systems | p. 274 |
Conclusion | p. 275 |
Further reading | p. 275 |
Conclusion | p. 277 |
References | p. 279 |
Index | p. 313 |
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