| List of Boxes | p. x |
| List of Tables | p. xii |
| List of Maps and Plates | p. xiii |
| List of Abbreviations | p. xiv |
| List of Place Names | p. xvi |
| Preface | p. xxi |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| An historical puzzle: the Muslims of Western Thrace during two wars | p. 1 |
| Positioning the case study | p. 5 |
| A note on sources and methodology | p. 7 |
| The Muslim Community of Western Thrace in Context | p. 11 |
| Introduction | p. 11 |
| The physical and human geography of Western Thrace | p. 12 |
| Location, location, location | p. 12 |
| Distant neighbours | p. 18 |
| Stillborn attempts for Thracian statehood | p. 24 |
| The Tamrash (TbMpbIII) Rebellion (1878-1886) | p. 25 |
| The Republic of Gümülcine (1913) | p. 27 |
| The Turkish Republic of Western Thrace (1920) | p. 30 |
| The question of Thrace within the context of socialist internationalism | p. 33 |
| The 'minoritisation' of the Muslims of Western Thrace | p. 36 |
| The political orientation of the minority during the 1930s | p. 41 |
| Between Ottoman 'traditionalism' and Kemalist 'progress' | p. 41 |
| The electoral behaviour of the Muslim minority in the 1930s | p. 45 |
| Conclusion | p. 51 |
| On the Path to War | p. 54 |
| Introduction | p. 54 |
| Shifting balances in the Balkans: the international context prior to WWII | p. 55 |
| Western Thrace prepares for war | p. 65 |
| The Muslim community of Western Thrace and the outbreak of war | p. 69 |
| Changing loyalties: the battle(s) for Turkey's neutrality | p. 83 |
| Conclusion | p. 90 |
| Belomorie | p. 91 |
| Introduction | p. 91 |
| The arrival of the Bulgarian administration | p. 91 |
| Accounts of Bulgarian repression | p. 93 |
| The economic impact of the Bulgarian occupation | p. 101 |
| Wartime population movements | p. 108 |
| Education and religion as vehicles of Bulgarian nationalism | p. 113 |
| Smaller minority groups in wartime Western Thrace | p. 120 |
| The Armenian community | p. 120 |
| The Roma community | p. 123 |
| The Jewish community | p. 125 |
| Conclusions | p. 129 |
| Strategies for Survival | p. 131 |
| Introduction | p. 131 |
| The onset of resistance activity in occupied Greece | p. 132 |
| The activity of EAM-ELAS in Western Thrace | p. 136 |
| The activity of the nationalist resistance groups in Western Thrace | p. 143 |
| Muslim collaboration with the Bulgarian forces | p. 148 |
| The Turkish Consulate of Komotini | p. 152 |
| Conclusions | p. 156 |
| In-Between Two Wars | p. 158 |
| Introduction | p. 158 |
| The fall of the Bulgarian empire | p. 159 |
| The Allies advance | p. 159 |
| Bulgaria tries to stay | p. 160 |
| Playing the 'Pomak Card' | p. 166 |
| A muted liberation | p. 174 |
| From chaos to chaos | p. 184 |
| The Muslim community at the polls | p. 186 |
| No turning back | p. 188 |
| Conclusion | p. 189 |
| Çekiç Ile Örs Arasinda (Between a Rock and a Hard Place) | p. 192 |
| Introduction | p. 192 |
| Muslim soldiers of the Proletarian revolution | p. 193 |
| The military strategy of the DSE in Western Thrace | p. 194 |
| DSE recruitment and violence in Muslim villages | p. 196 |
| The Ottoman Battalion of the DSE | p. 204 |
| Women recruitment in the Ottoman battalion | p. 207 |
| The endgame of the civil war | p. 210 |
| Good Muslim, bad Muslim | p. 215 |
| Muslim recruitment in the Greek army and government-sponsored militias | p. 217 |
| Evidence of state-induced violence against the Muslim community | p. 222 |
| Court-Martial cases involving members of the Muslim community | p. 226 |
| The battle for Muslim hearts and minds | p. 229 |
| Communist propaganda in the Rhodope Mountains | p. 229 |
| State-organised anti-communist propaganda | p. 235 |
| Conclusion | p. 242 |
| Parallel Universes | p. 245 |
| Introduction | p. 245 |
| The Muslim community between two authorities | p. 245 |
| The return of the Greek state to Western Thrace | p. 245 |
| The Soviet Muslim Republic of Western Thrace | p. 250 |
| Muslim immigration to Turkey during the civil war | p. 259 |
| Immigration tales | p. 260 |
| The response of the Greek authorities to the Muslim emigration | p. 264 |
| Welfare provision for the 'guerrilla-stricken' | p. 268 |
| The distribution of government aid in Western Thrace | p. 269 |
| The welfare of children as an instrument of war | p. 273 |
| Minority education during the civil war | p. 277 |
| Educating 'nationally-minded' Greeks | p. 279 |
| Educating Muslim communists | p. 284 |
| Conclusion | p. 289 |
| Conclusion | p. 291 |
| The strategic relevance of kindred minorities | p. 292 |
| Resistance and insurgency | p. 294 |
| Identity, 'groupness' and war | p. 297 |
| Future research | p. 301 |
| The nexus between past and present | p. 302 |
| Sources | p. 305 |
| Index | p. 333 |
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