| Preface | p. xiii |
| Acknowledgments | p. xv |
| Introduction: The Impact of Space Communication on International Telecommunication Law and Policy | p. xvii |
| Background Information: Historical and Technical | p. 1 |
| Radio and the Geostationary Satellite Orbit: the Rationale for Regulation | p. 3 |
| Introduction | p. 3 |
| The Nature of Radio | p. 4 |
| Radio and the Principle of Harmful Interference | p. 5 |
| The Geostationary Orbit | p. 9 |
| The Issue of Orbital Crowding | p. 10 |
| Collision Probabilities in the GSO | p. 11 |
| Area of Visibility, Service Area, and Coverage Area | p. 13 |
| Frequency Congestion | p. 14 |
| Technologies and Techniques for More Effective Use of the GSO | p. 16 |
| Signal Polarization | p. 16 |
| Reverse Bandworking | p. 16 |
| Advanced Antenna Design | p. 17 |
| Orbit Sectorization | p. 18 |
| Spectrum Segmentation | p. 19 |
| Development of New Services | p. 19 |
| Intersatellite Links | p. 19 |
| Multiple-Access Techniques | p. 20 |
| Use of Higher Frequencies | p. 21 |
| Space Platforms and Multipurpose Satellites | p. 22 |
| Regulatory Techniques | p. 22 |
| Conclusion | p. 24 |
| The International Telecommunication Union and the Regulation of Radio: Origins and Evolution | p. 29 |
| Introduction | p. 29 |
| The International Telegraph Union | p. 30 |
| The 1865 Paris Telegraph Conference | p. 30 |
| The 1868 Vienna Telegraph Conference | p. 31 |
| The 1871 Rome Telegraph Conference | p. 31 |
| The 1875 St. Petersburg Telegraph Conference | p. 32 |
| The 1885 Berlin Telegraph Conference | p. 33 |
| The 1903 Berlin Preliminary Radio Conference | p. 33 |
| The International Radiotelegraph Union | p. 35 |
| The 1906 Berlin Radiotelegraph Conference | p. 35 |
| The 1912 London Radiotelegraph Conference | p. 36 |
| Post-World War I Non-Union Meetings | p. 39 |
| The Radio Protocol of 1919 | p. 40 |
| The 1920 Washington Preliminary Conference | p. 40 |
| The 1921 Paris Technical Committee | p. 43 |
| The 1927 Washington Radiotelegraph Conference | p. 44 |
| The International Telecommunication Union | p. 46 |
| The 1932 Madrid Conferences | p. 46 |
| The World War II Period | p. 49 |
| The 1947 Atlantic City Conferences | p. 50 |
| Conclusion | p. 57 |
| Structure of the Space Communication Law-Making Process in the International Telecommunication Union | p. 63 |
| The Law-Making Conferences of the International Telecommunication Union and Space Communication | p. 65 |
| Introduction | p. 65 |
| Purposes of the Union | p. 65 |
| Structure of the Union | p. 67 |
| The Plenipotentiary Conference | p. 67 |
| The International Telecommunication Convention | p. 69 |
| Structure of the Convention | p. 69 |
| Major Provisions of the Convention | p. 70 |
| Structure and Procedure of the Plenipotentiary Conference | p. 71 |
| Administrative Support for Union Conferences | p. 72 |
| The General Secretariat | p. 72 |
| The Administrative Council | p. 73 |
| The Coordination Committee | p. 75 |
| Administrative Conferences | p. 75 |
| Structure and Procedure of Administrative Conferences | p. 76 |
| The International Radio Regulations | p. 78 |
| Conclusion | p. 82 |
| Judicial and Advisory Organs of the International Telecommunication Union and Space Communication | p. 85 |
| Introduction | p. 85 |
| The International Frequency Registration Board | p. 86 |
| Evolution of the Board | p. 87 |
| Creation of the Board | p. 88 |
| Legal Foundations of the Board | p. 89 |
| The Master International Frequency Register | p. 92 |
| Structure and Function of the Board | p. 96 |
| The International Radio Consultative Committee | p. 98 |
| Establishment of the Committee | p. 99 |
| Structure and Function of the Committee | p. 99 |
| Space Radiocommunication and the Committee | p. 101 |
| Challenges Facing the Committee | p. 103 |
| Conclusion | p. 103 |
| The Space Conferences | p. 107 |
| Itu Conferences: 1959-1965 -- Legal Framework for Space Communication Established | p. 109 |
| Introduction | p. 109 |
| Scientific Cooperation Advances International Law | p. 110 |
| Sputnik Challenges International Law | p. 112 |
| The 1959 World Administrative Radio Conference | p. 113 |
| Early Space Communication Regulation Established | p. 114 |
| The 1959 Space Communication Provisions Inadequate | p. 115 |
| The 1959 Geneva Plenipotentiary Conference | p. 115 |
| The 1963 Extraordinary Administrative Radio Conference to Allocate Frequency Bands for Space Radiocommunication Purposes | p. 116 |
| Events Leading Up to the 1963 Space Conference | p. 117 |
| Legal Principles Enacted at the Space Conference | p. 119 |
| Full and Equal Legal Status for Space Services | p. 119 |
| Equitable Access to Space Communication | p. 120 |
| Foundations of the Regulatory Regime for Space Communication | p. 121 |
| New Space Services Defined | p. 122 |
| Coordination Procedure Established | p. 122 |
| Coordination of Earth Stations | p. 124 |
| Coordination of Satellite Systems | p. 126 |
| Preparation for the 1971 Space Telecommunications Conference | p. 128 |
| The 1965 Montreux Plenipotentiary Conference | p. 129 |
| General Provisions Amended | p. 129 |
| Resolutions, Recommendations, and Opinions | p. 130 |
| Conclusion | p. 131 |
| ITU Conferences: 1971-1977 -- Legal Principles for Space Communication Extended | p. 137 |
| Introduction | p. 137 |
| The 1971 World Administrative Radio Conference for Space Telecommunications | p. 138 |
| New Services Defined and Frequencies Allocated for Their Use | p. 139 |
| Revision of Coordination, Notification, and Registration Procedures | p. 144 |
| Resolution Spa 2-1 and Recommendation Spa 2-1 | p. 148 |
| The Issue of DBS: Resolutions Spa 2-2 and Spa 2-3 | p. 149 |
| Revision of Article 7 of the Radio Regulations to Accommodate DBS | p. 151 |
| Overview of the Space Telecommunications Conference | p. 152 |
| The 1973 Malaga-Torremolinos Plenipotentiary Conference | p. 152 |
| General Provisions Amended | p. 152 |
| Resolutions, Recommendations, and Opinions | p. 154 |
| The 1977 World Administrative Radio Conference for the Planning of the Broadcasting-Satellite Service | p. 156 |
| Agenda of the Conference | p. 157 |
| The Broadcasting-Satellite Plan | p. 159 |
| Planning for the Americas Deferred | p. 161 |
| Coordination, Notification and Registration of Frequency Assignments | p. 162 |
| Efficiency Sacrificed for Equity | p. 164 |
| Conclusion | p. 165 |
| ITU Conferences: 1979-1983 -- from Principle to Practice | p. 171 |
| Introduction | p. 171 |
| The 1979 World Administrative Radio Conference | p. 173 |
| Preparation for the Conference | p. 175 |
| Revision of the Radio Regulations | p. 176 |
| The 12 GHz Band: Interim Arc Segmentation Plan for Region 2 Replaced by Frequency Segmentation Plan | p. 177 |
| Planning of the Feeder Links for the Broadcasting-Satellite Service | p. 179 |
| The Fixed-Satellite Service | p. 180 |
| Planning of the Space Services | p. 183 |
| Resolution 2 | p. 183 |
| Resolution 3 | p. 183 |
| Working Group Six Ad-Hoc Two | p. 184 |
| Resolution 3: Call for a Spectrum-Orbit Planning Conference | p. 185 |
| From Technical to Political Forum | p. 186 |
| The 1982 Nairobi Plenipotentiary Conference | p. 188 |
| General Provisions Amended | p. 188 |
| Resolutions, Recommendations, and Opinions | p. 191 |
| The 1983 Regional Administrative Radio Conference for the Planning of the Broadcasting-Satellite Service | p. 192 |
| Conclusion | p. 194 |
| The 1985 Space Conference -- to "Guarantee in Practice" Equitable Access to Space Communication | p. 201 |
| Introduction | p. 201 |
| The 1985 World Administrative Radio Conference on the Use of the Geostationary-Satellite Orbit and the Planning of the Space Services Utilizing It | p. 202 |
| Agenda of the Conference | p. 203 |
| Preparation for the Conference | p. 204 |
| Conference Results | p. 205 |
| The Arc Allotment Plan | p. 207 |
| Regulatory Procedures | p. 209 |
| Planning by Improved Procedures | p. 211 |
| Planning Principles | p. 213 |
| Provisions for Multiadministration Systems and the Issue of International Systems Separate from INTELSAT | p. 216 |
| Incorporation into the Radio Regulations of the 1983 Direct Broadcast Satellite Plan for Region 2 | p. 221 |
| Planning of the Feeder Links for the 12 GHz Broadcasting-Satellite Service in Regions 1 and 3 | p. 221 |
| Recommendation Plen/B Relating to High Definition Television in the Broadcasting-Satellite Service | p. 222 |
| Recommendation Plen/C Relating to Satellite Sound Broadcasting Systems for Individual Reception by Portable and Automobile Receivers | p. 222 |
| Recommendation Plen/A: Draft Agenda for the Second Session of the Conference | p. 223 |
| Intersessional Studies | p. 225 |
| Intersessional Duties of the International Frequency Registration Board | p. 225 |
| Intersessional Duties of the International Radio Consultative Committee | p. 226 |
| Conclusion | p. 226 |
| Special Space Communication Topics | p. 233 |
| Direct Broadcast Satellites and the Evolution in the United Nations of International Space Law | p. 235 |
| Introduction | p. 235 |
| The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space | p. 236 |
| The United Nations and the International Telecommunication Union | p. 237 |
| The 1963 UN Space Law Declaration | p. 240 |
| Initial Consideration of Direct Broadcast Satellites | p. 241 |
| The 1967 UN Treaty on Outer Space | p. 241 |
| The Issue of Direct Broadcast Satellites | p. 243 |
| Approaches to Direct Broadcast | p. 246 |
| The Legal Impasse Surrounding Direct Broadcast | p. 248 |
| Conclusion | p. 251 |
| Conclusion: Space Communication -- Toward Cultural and Legal Convergence in the Global Village | p. 255 |
| Glossary | p. 267 |
| Bibliography | p. 273 |
| Index | p. 281 |
| Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
