Preface to the First Edition | p. xiii |
Preface to the Second Edition | p. xv |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Empiricism vs. Realism - the Perennial Debate in the Philosophy of Science | p. 9 |
Comte | |
Whewell | |
Mill | |
Mach | |
Boltzmann | |
Poincare | |
Duhem | |
Campbell | |
Hempel | |
Harre | |
van Fraassen | |
Laudan | |
Cartwright | |
Hacking | |
Putnam | |
Fundamental and Refined Principles: The Core of Modern Science | p. 49 |
Three Principles Central to Modern Science | p. 53 |
Refinements of the Principles in Science | p. 62 |
Four Ways Principles Function with Respect to Science | p. 65 |
On the Epistemological Status of the Principles of Science | p. 71 |
Empirical Laws: The Supervention of Experience | p. 73 |
The Uniformity Principle and Empirical Laws | p. 74 |
The Substance Principle and Empirical Systems | p. 79 |
Continuity | p. 81 |
Necessity and Universality | p. 82 |
Discovery, Prediction and Technology | p. 83 |
The Supervention of Experience | p. 85 |
Empirical Laws Require Explanation | p. 94 |
Scientific Theories: Closing the Circle | p. 95 |
Theoretical Reduction and the Closing of the Circle | p. 96 |
The Substance Principle and Theoretical Ontologies | p. 97 |
The Causality Principle and Causal Mechanisms | p. 99 |
The Hypothetical Aspect of Theories | p. 102 |
Explanation, Understanding and the Limits of Intelligibility | p. 104 |
The Principle-Theory-Law Model of Scientific Explanation | p. 109 |
Theoretical Models, Source-Analogues and Abstraction | p. 109 |
The Substantial, Formal and Causal Aspects of a Theoretical Model | p. 113 |
Theoretical Systems and the Derivation of Empirical Laws | p. 115 |
Theoretical Models Can Suggest Experiments But Do Not Determine Their Results | p. 120 |
The Nominal vs. the Real Aspect of the Subject | p. 122 |
Idealisation | p. 123 |
Explanation vs. Prediction | p. 127 |
The Social Sciences: A Consideration of Economics | p. 130 |
The Principles of Rationality and Equilibrium | p. 131 |
The Empirical Facts of Economics | p. 134 |
Economic Models Are Theories | p. 136 |
The Substantial, Causal and Formal Aspects of Economic Models | p. 138 |
Intentional Constructs and Empathetic Understanding | p. 140 |
The Source and Subject of Economic Models | p. 143 |
Abstraction and Idealisation | p. 145 |
Natural Kinds | p. 148 |
What Are Natural Kinds for Modern Science? | p. 148 |
Nominal and Real Essences: Key to the Understanding of Natural Kinds | p. 151 |
Natural Kinds in Biology | p. 153 |
On Identifying Natural Kinds | p. 157 |
Sets, Classes, Individuals and Natural Kinds | p. 163 |
On Difference of Level and the Epistemological Status of Attributions of Nominal and Real Essence | p. 166 |
Probability and Confirmation | p. 170 |
General Considerations Regarding Probability | p. 170 |
Two Senses of the Word "Confirm" | p. 171 |
Evidential Basis vs. Subject-Matter | p. 172 |
Methodological Grounds and Inductive Probability | p. 173 |
Subjective Probability and the Implications of a Probability Claim | p. 174 |
Knowledge-Relativity and the Propensity Interpretation | p. 175 |
Nominal vs. Real Probability Determinations | p. 176 |
Methodological Requirements of Probability Locutions | p. 178 |
On the Acceptability of Scientific Theories | p. 179 |
On the Confirmation of Experimental Laws | p. 180 |
On the Applicability of Scientific Principles | p. 181 |
Empiricism vs. Realism Revisited | p. 183 |
The Historical Debate | p. 183 |
The Supervention of Experience | p. 186 |
Ontology vs. Epistemology | p. 188 |
Understanding vs. Knowledge | p. 191 |
Modern Science and the Future | p. 193 |
A Particular Enterprise Emanating from Particular Principles | p. 193 |
The Revolution from Mythopoeic Thought | p. 194 |
Three Streams in Greek Thought | p. 196 |
Christianity, Platonism, Aristotelianism and the Scientific Revolution | p. 198 |
Intellectual and Practical Successes and Problems | p. 203 |
What Next? | p. 206 |
Appendices | |
The Vicious Circle Principle of Human Development | p. 209 |
The Vicious Circle Principle | p. 210 |
Application and Corroboration | p. 221 |
Conclusion | p. 240 |
The Demarcation of Modern Science from Magic, Astrology, Chinese Medicine and Parapsychology | p. 241 |
Magic | p. 242 |
Astrology | p. 248 |
Chinese Medicine | p. 251 |
Parapsychology | p. 253 |
Metaphysics and Worldviews | p. 260 |
Historical Development of the Non-Physical | p. 261 |
Modern Science and the Spirit | p. 265 |
The Physical vs. the Spiritual | p. 266 |
Conclusion | p. 269 |
Reply to Criticism | p. 270 |
The Deductive Model | p. 272 |
The Perspectivist Conception | p. 274 |
Principles | p. 280 |
Realism vs. Empiricism | p. 287 |
Understanding vs. Knowledge | p. 289 |
The PTL Model of Scientific Explanation | p. 290 |
Quantum Mechanics | p. 293 |
Conclusion | p. 298 |
References | p. 300 |
Index | p. 319 |
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