Introduction | p. 1 |
Information Retrieval | p. 2 |
Brief History of Information Retrieval | p. 2 |
"Definition" of Information Retrieval | p. 7 |
Retrieval Methods | p. 11 |
Modern Algebra | p. 13 |
Equations | p. 13 |
Solving by Radicals | p. 14 |
Birth of Modern Algebra | p. 16 |
Modern Algebra | p. 18 |
Lattice | p. 19 |
Importance of Lattices | p. 21 |
Lattices in Information Retrieval | p. 22 |
Retrieval Systems | p. 22 |
Boolean Retrieval | p. 23 |
Vector Space Retrieval | p. 23 |
Fuzzy-Algebra-Based Retrieval Methods | p. 24 |
Probabilistic Retrieval | p. 25 |
Web Retrieval and Ranking | p. 25 |
Exercises and Problems | p. 26 |
Mathematics Basics | p. 27 |
Elements of Mathematical Logic | p. 28 |
Proposition | p. 28 |
Negation | p. 29 |
Conjunction | p. 29 |
Disjunction | p. 30 |
Implication | p. 30 |
Equivalence | p. 31 |
Elements of Set Theory | p. 32 |
Set | p. 32 |
Subset | p. 33 |
Equality of Sets | p. 34 |
Set Union | p. 34 |
Set Intersection | p. 35 |
Set Difference | p. 35 |
Cartesian Product | p. 36 |
Set Complement | p. 37 |
Powerset | p. 37 |
Cardinality of Set | p. 37 |
Properties of Set Operations | p. 38 |
Elements of Relations Theory | p. 38 |
Binary Relations | p. 39 |
Function | p. 40 |
Predicate | p. 41 |
Equivalence Relation | p. 41 |
Ordering Relation | p. 42 |
Partially Ordered Set | p. 42 |
Partition | p. 42 |
Exercises and Problems | p. 43 |
Bibliography | p. 44 |
Elements of Lattice Theory | p. 45 |
Lattice | p. 46 |
Lattice and Poset | p. 47 |
Duality | p. 48 |
Hasse Diagram | p. 48 |
Complete, Atomic Lattice | p. 50 |
Modular Lattice | p. 51 |
Sublattice | p. 53 |
Distributive Lattice | p. 53 |
Complemented, Orthomodular Lattice | p. 56 |
Boolean Algebra | p. 59 |
Important Lattices | p. 59 |
Powerset Lattice | p. 60 |
Lattice of Logical Propositions | p. 60 |
Lattice of Logical Predicates | p. 60 |
Lattice of Logical Implications | p. 61 |
Lattice Types | p. 61 |
Exercises and Problems | p. 62 |
Bibliography | p. 64 |
Basics of Information Retrieval Technology | p. 65 |
Documents | p. 66 |
Power Law | p. 66 |
Stoplist | p. 71 |
Stemming | p. 73 |
Inverted File Structure | p. 74 |
Term-Document Matrix | p. 76 |
General Architecture of a Retrieval System | p. 79 |
Elements of Web Retrieval Technology | p. 80 |
World Wide Web | p. 80 |
Major Characteristics of the Web | p. 80 |
General Architecture of a Web Search Engine | p. 84 |
General Architecture of a Web Metasearch Engine | p. 86 |
Measurement of Relevance Effectiveness | p. 87 |
Relevance | p. 87 |
Measures | p. 87 |
Precision-Recall Graph Method | p. 91 |
Uncertainty of Measurement | p. 93 |
Measurement of Search Engine Effectiveness | p. 98 |
M-L-S Method | p. 99 |
RP Method | p. 102 |
Exercises and Problems | p. 103 |
Lattice-Based Retrieval Systems | p. 105 |
Mooers' Model | p. 106 |
Lattice of Documents | p. 106 |
Lattice of Unstructured Queries | p. 106 |
Lattice of Term Hierarchies | p. 107 |
Lattice of Boolean Queries and Documents | p. 108 |
The FaIR System | p. 110 |
Galois (Concept) Lattice-Based Models | p. 112 |
Galois (Concept) Lattice | p. 112 |
Term-Document Matrix and Concept Lattice | p. 113 |
BR-Explorer System | p. 115 |
Rajapakse-Denham System | p. 115 |
The FooCA System | p. 116 |
Query Refinement, Thesaurus Representation | p. 116 |
Properties of the Lattices Applied | p. 117 |
Exercises and Problems | p. 123 |
Boolean Retrieval | p. 125 |
Boolean Retrieval Method | p. 126 |
Technology of Boolean Retrieval | p. 128 |
Lattice-Based Boolean Retrieval | p. 129 |
Exercises and Problems | p. 132 |
Lattices of Subspaces and Projectors | p. 135 |
Metric Space | p. 136 |
Complete Metric Space | p. 137 |
Linear Space | p. 139 |
Subspace of Linear Space | p. 141 |
Linear Operator | p. 142 |
Banach Space | p. 143 |
Hilbert Space | p. 145 |
Euclidean Space | p. 146 |
Projection Theorem | p. 147 |
Projector | p. 149 |
Basis of Subspace | p. 151 |
Lattice of Subspaces | p. 152 |
Exercises and Problems | p. 153 |
Bibliography | p. 154 |
Vector Space Retrieval | p. 157 |
Introduction | p. 158 |
Lattices in Vector Space Retrieval | p. 159 |
Vector Space Retrieval | p. 159 |
Technology of Vector Space Retrieval | p. 163 |
Calculation of Meaning Using the Hilbert Lattice | p. 165 |
Queries with Negation | p. 165 |
Queries with Disjunction | p. 166 |
Compatibility of Relevance Assessments | p. 167 |
Vector Space Retrieval: Lattice-Lattice Mapping | p. 168 |
Discussion | p. 173 |
Query Lattice and Free Will | p. 173 |
Vector Space Retrieval? | p. 173 |
Vector Space Retrieval and Quantum Mechanics | p. 174 |
Exercises | p. 177 |
Fuzzy Algebra-Based Retrieval | p. 179 |
Elements of Tensor Algebra | p. 180 |
Similarity Measure and Scalar Product | p. 182 |
Latent Semantic Indexing Retrieval | p. 186 |
Eigenvalue, Eigenvector | p. 186 |
Singular Value Decomposition | p. 188 |
Latent Semantic Indexing | p. 188 |
Generalized Vector Space Retrieval | p. 191 |
Principle of Invariance | p. 192 |
Elements of Fuzzy Set Theory | p. 193 |
Fuzzy Set | p. 193 |
Fuzzy Intersection | p. 195 |
Fuzzy Union | p. 195 |
Fuzzy Complement | p. 195 |
Fuzzy Subset | p. 195 |
Retrieval Using Linear Space | p. 196 |
Fuzzy Algebra-Based Retrieval Methods | p. 199 |
Fuzzy Jordan Measure | p. 200 |
Fuzzy Entropy Retrieval Method | p. 203 |
Fuzzy Probability Retrieval Method | p. 204 |
Experimental Results | p. 206 |
Discussion | p. 207 |
More on Measures | p. 207 |
More on Algebra, Entropy, and Probability | p. 208 |
Information Retrieval and Integration Theory | p. 209 |
Principle of Invariance and String Theory | p. 210 |
Exercises and Problems | p. 212 |
Probabilistic Retrieval | p. 215 |
Elements of Probability Theory | p. 216 |
Principles of Probabilistic Retrieval | p. 218 |
Probabilistic Retrieval Method | p. 220 |
Language Model Retrieval Method | p. 224 |
Lattice Theoretical Framework for Probabilistic Retrieval | p. 226 |
Bayesian Network Retrieval | p. 231 |
Exercises | p. 235 |
Web Retrieval and Ranking | p. 237 |
Web Graph | p. 238 |
Link Structure Analysis | p. 246 |
The PageRank Method | p. 249 |
The HITS Method | p. 255 |
Application of the HITS Method in Web Retrieval | p. 257 |
Latent Semantic Indexing and HITS | p. 259 |
The SALSA Method | p. 260 |
The Associative Interaction Method | p. 263 |
Artificial Neural Networks | p. 263 |
Associative Interaction Method | p. 266 |
Application of the Associative Interaction Method in Web Retrieval | p. 270 |
Combined Methods | p. 270 |
Similarity Merge | p. 271 |
Belief Network | p. 272 |
Inference Network | p. 274 |
Aggregated Method | p. 274 |
Lattice-Based View of Web Ranking | p. 282 |
Web Lattice | p. 282 |
Chain | p. 283 |
Ranking | p. 284 |
Global Ranking | p. 284 |
Structure-Based Ranking | p. 288 |
P2P Retrieval | p. 292 |
P2P Network | p. 292 |
Information Retrieval | p. 293 |
Lattice-Based Indexing | p. 296 |
Exercises and Problems | p. 298 |
Solutions to Exercises and Problems | p. 301 |
Reference | p. 307 |
Index | p. 321 |
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