The Nationality of Corporate Investors Under International Investment Law

Introduction
I. A Case against the Expansionist Approach to Personal Scope of IIL Protections
II. Structure of the Analysis

PART I
FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF CORPORATE NATIONALITY IN IIL: CONDITIONS OF ACCESS TO PROTECTION,
NATIONALITY AND CORPORATE PERSONALITY
1. Access to International Investment Protection: ICSID, Investment Treaties and Institutional Arbitration Rules
I. Access to International Investment Arbitration
II. Conditions for Access to Investment Treaty Protection
III. Conclusion
2. Nationality as a Legal Bond in International Law: A Story of Disagreement Over the Relevance and Meaning
of âGenuine Linkâ
I. Nationality of Individuals
II. Nationality of Objects
III. Conclusion
3. Distinguishing Features of Corporations for Purposes of Nationality
I. The Corporation as a Fictional Creature of the Law
II. Connecting a Corporation to a State Through Lex Societatis
III. The Corporation in a Global Economy: Multinationals Enterprises, Shell Corporations, and Regulatory Havens
IV. Conclusion

PART II
UNDERSTANDING CORPORATE NATIONALITY
4. Corporate Nationality in the Context of Diplomatic Protection and War-Time Sanctions
I. Determining Corporate Nationality under the Principles of Diplomatic Protection
II. Control Criterion for Domestic Wartime Sanctions
III. Conclusion
5. Corporate Investorsâ Nationality under the ICSID Convention and Investment Treaties
I. The ICSID Convention Article 25(2)(b) Requirement: Objective but Rarely Addressed
II. How do Investment Treaties Link Corporate Investors to States?
III. Conclusion

PART III
PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
6. Exposing the Fault Lines
I. Methodological Flaws
II. Erosion of the Concept of âNationalityâ
III. Ramifications of the Methodological and Interpretative Flaws
IV. Conclusion
7. Evaluation of Responses to Nationality Shopping and the Way Forward
I. Abuse of Rights â" A Solution as Difficult as the Problem Itself
II. Denial of Benefits Clauses
III. Way Forward: Restoring Conceptual and Methodological Rigour to Analysing Corporate Investorsâ Nationality
IV. Conclusion