The Neural Crest and Neural Crest Cells in Vertebrate Development and Evolution

By: Brian K. Hall

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Hardcover | 25 February 2009 | Edition Number 2

At a Glance

Hardcover
424 Pages

Edition Type
Revised

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23.39 x 15.6 x 2.39

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A presentation of all aspects of neural crest cell origins (embryological and evolutionary) development and evolution; neural crest cell behavior (migration) and anomalies (neurocristopathies and birth defects) that arise from defective neural crest development. The treatment of development will include discussions of cellular, molecular and genetic aspects of the differentiation and morphogenesis of neural crest cells and structures derived from neural crest cells. The origins of the neural crest in embryology will be discussed using the recent information on the molecular basis of the specification of the neural crest. Also presented are the advances in our understanding of the evolution of jaws from studies on lampreys and of the neural crest from studies on ascidians and amphioxus.

Industry Reviews

From the reviews of the second edition:

"The new edition of 'The Neural Crest' - the first edition was published in 1999 - again tries to consider all aspects of neural crest cells. ... At the end, there is an overwhelming list of references ... and the obligatory index. ... There is plenty for both researchers and scientists ... in this well-organized and clearly written book." (Hartmut Greven, Bulletin of Fish Biology, Vol. 11 (1/2), December, 2009)

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Discovery and Origins
Discovery	p. 3
Zwischenstrang	p. 5
A Brief Overview of the Past 120 Years	p. 6
1890-1950s	p. 6
1960s-1970s	p. 9
1980s to the 21st Century	p. 9
Neural Crest and Germ-Layer Theory	p. 12
Germ-Layer Theory	p. 14
Multiple Tissues from Single Layers	p. 15
Heads and Tails	p. 16
Secondary Neurulation and Tail Buds	p. 17
Induction of Tail Buds	p. 18
Neural Crest as the Fourth Germ Layer	p. 19
Neural Crest as Inhibitor	p. 20
Notes	p. 21
Embryological Origins and the Identification of Neural Crest Cells	p. 23
Neural Crest	p. 23
Before Neurulation	p. 23
Establishing the Epidermal-Neural Border	p. 25
NCC Markers and Specification of the NC	p. 27
HNK-1 and Pax7	p. 28
Snail-2, Bmp4, and Cadherins	p. 29
Sox Genes	p. 31
Wnt genes	p. 34
Specification of Ectoderm as Neural or Epidermal	p. 38
NC Induction	p. 39
Bmps, Wnts, and Fgfs	p. 39
Xenopus	p. 40
Chicken Embryos	p. 42
A Role for Notch in NCC Induction	p. 42
A Role for Bmps in NCC Induction and Beyond	p. 46
Zic3 and Zic5	p. 47
Msx Genes and Specification of NCCs	p. 49
Establishing Cranial and Trunk Neural Crest	p. 51
Chicken Embryos	p. 52
Mouse Embryos	p. 53
Ectoderm from the Most Rostral Neural Tube	p. 53
Rostrocaudal Patterning of CNC	p. 54
Hox Genes	p. 54
A Role for Mesoderm	p. 56
The Midbrain-Hindbrain Boundary	p. 57
Dlx Genes and Dorsoventral Patterning of CNC	p. 58
Notes	p. 58
Delamination, Migration, and Potential	p. 63
Delamination	p. 63
Cellular Changes Driving Delamination	p. 66
Cadherins	p. 68
Extracellular Spaces and Delamination	p. 70
Migration	p. 71
Pathways of CNCC Migration	p. 71
Pathways of TNCC Migration	p. 73
Migration into Dorsal Fins and Tails	p. 76
Molecular Control of NCC Migration	p. 78
Extracellular Matrices, Cell Surface Ligands, and Receptors	p. 78
Permitting Migration	p. 79
Fibronectin	p. 80
Proteoglycan Complexes	p. 81
Neural Crest Cells Contribute to Extracellular Matrices to Permit Migration	p. 82
Thrombospondins	p. 82
Tyrosine Kinases Receptors (Trk)	p. 84
Ephrins and Eph Receptors	p. 84
Inhibiting Migration	p. 84
Components of ECMs	p. 84
Guiding Migrating NCCs	p. 85
Barriers and Components of ECMs	p. 85
The Environment at the Final Destination	p. 86
Endothelins	p. 89
Semaphorins, Delamination, and Migration	p. 90
Subpopulations of NCCs	p. 92
Restricted Premigratory and Early Migrating Populations of TNCCs	p. 94
Restriction During Migration	p. 97
Restriction Along the Neural Axis	p. 97
Differentiation	p. 99
Differentiation of Bipotential Cells	p. 110
A Role for Growth Factors	p. 110
Dedifferentiate and Redifferentiate	p. 111
Summary	p. 112
Notes	p. 113
Evolutionary Origins	p. 117
Precursors of the Neural Crest	p. 118
Cephalochordates	p. 122
Genes and Gene Networks in Cephalochordates	p. 125
AmphiSnaill	p. 126
Hox genes: AmphiHox1-AmphiHox12	p. 127
AmphiDll	p. 128
AmphiOtx	p. 129
AmphiBmp	p. 130
AmphiPax	p. 130
Retinoic Acid and Retinoic Acid Receptors	p. 131
Urochordates-Ascidians	p. 134
Nervous System and Notochord	p. 135
Pigment Cells	p. 136
Calcitonin	p. 136
Bipotentiality and Conditional Specification	p. 137
Genetic Control of Ascidian Neural Development	p. 137
Bmps	p. 138
Snail and Hnf3	p. 138
Pax Genes	p. 138
Fossil Chordates	p. 139
Burgess Shale	p. 139
Chengjiang Formation	p. 140
The First Vertebrates	p. 141
The Pharyngeal Skeleton	p. 141
The Origin of Cartilage	p. 142
Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics	p. 146
Molecular Fingerprinting: Genetic Labeling/Selection and GeneChip Microarray Technology	p. 149
Jawless Vertebrates and the Origin of Jaws	p. 149
Jaws from Gill Arches?	p. 150
Notes	p. 153
Neural-Crest Derivatives
Pigment Cells (Chromatophores)	p. 159
Types of Chromatophores	p. 160
Melanosomes	p. 162
Lampreys	p. 163
Urodele and Anuran Amphibians	p. 163
Patterns of Pigmentation	p. 164
Larval-to-Adult Patterns	p. 165
Teleost Fish	p. 167
Migration and Cell Fate	p. 168
Larval Patterns	p. 169
Genes and Cell Lines	p. 170
Birds	p. 172
Patterning Feather Tracts	p. 173
Non-Avian Reptiles	p. 173
Mammals	p. 174
Pattern Formation	p. 174
Neurocristopathies	p. 175
Notes	p. 176
Neuronal Cells and Nervous Systems	p. 179
The Neural Crest, Neurons, and Nervous Systems	p. 180
The Peripheral Nervous System-Spinal and Cranial Ganglia	p. 181
Placodal Ectoderm	p. 183
Placodal Markers and Specification of Placodal Ectoderm	p. 189
The Panplacodal Domain	p. 191
Induction of Individual Placodes	p. 192
The Autonomic Nervous System	p. 193
Schwann Cells	p. 195
Glial Cells	p. 195
Vagal and Sacral Neural Crest	p. 197
Rohon-Beard Neurons	p. 197
Apoptosis Removes R-B Neurons	p. 198
Neural Crest Origin and Relationships to Other Neurons	p. 198
Genetic Control of R-B Neurons	p. 199
Notes	p. 200
Cartilage Cells and Skeletal Systems	p. 203
Pharyngeal Skeletons of Hagfish	p. 205
Pharyngeal Skeletons of Lamprey	p. 208
Cartilages	p. 208
Vitamin A	p. 213
Amphibian Craniofacial Skeletons	p. 213
Extirpating and Transplanting Amphibian Neural Crest	p. 214
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interaction Required to Initiate Chondrogenesis	p. 217
Cascades of Interactions in Amphibian Craniofacial Development	p. 218
Labeling Amphibian CNCCs	p. 221
Timing of Migration	p. 223
Mapping CNCCs in Fish	p. 227
Elasmobranchs	p. 227
Teleosts	p. 228
Zebrafish Mutants and Pharyngeal Arch Development	p. 228
Distalless (Dlx) and the First and Second Pharyngeal Arches	p. 228
Chameleon (Con) and the Caudal Pharyngeal Arches	p. 229
Chinless (Chn) and the Absence of NCC from all Pharyngeal Arches	p. 229
Ninja and the Growth of Pharyngeal Arch Cartilages	p. 229
Skeletogenic NCCs in Reptiles	p. 230
CNCCs	p. 230
TNCCs	p. 231
Avian CNCCs	p. 231
³H-thymidine Labeling	p. 231
Quail/Chicken Chimeras	p. 232
The Chondrogenic CNC	p. 232
Cell Lineages in CNCCs	p. 233
CNCCs and Muscle Patterns	p. 237
Mapping the Mouse CNC	p. 238
Notes	p. 244
Teeth and Hearts: The Odontogenic and Cardiac Neural Crests	p. 247
Teeth	p. 247
The Odontogenic Neural Crest	p. 248
Teeth but not Cartilage from Trunk NCCs	p. 250
Cartilage from TNCCs?	p. 252
Origination of Dentine and Bone	p. 253
Hearts	p. 255
Indirect Effects of Cranial NCCs on Heart Function	p. 256
Direct Effects of Cranial NCCs on Heart Function	p. 256
The Avian Cardiac Neural Crest	p. 257
Cardiac Cartilages	p. 260
Cardiac Neural Crest in Fish and Amphibians	p. 261
Cardiac Neural Crest in Mammals	p. 261
Cardiac Defects	p. 262
Notes	p. 264
Abnormal Development and the Neural Crest
Neurocristopathies	p. 269
Antiquity	p. 269
Syndromology and Neural Tube Defects	p. 269
The Utility of the Germ-Layer Theory	p. 271
Types of Neurocristopathies	p. 273
CHARGE Syndrome	p. 276
PAX6 and CHD7	p. 276
Neuroblastomas	p. 278
The Neoplastic State	p. 278
Diagnosis	p. 279
RaLP	p. 279
Model Systems	p. 280
von Recklinghausen Neurofibromatosis	p. 280
Involvement of Non-Neural-Crest Cells	p. 282
John Merrick-the 'Elephant Man'	p. 282
Animal Models and Mutations	p. 283
APUDomas	p. 284
Hirschsprung Disease	p. 286
DiGeorge Syndrome	p. 288
Genetics	p. 289
Genes Involved	p. 289
Notes	p. 291
NCC Development Revisited in the Context of Birth Defects	p. 295
Susceptible Stages of Neural Crest Development	p. 298
Defective Migration	p. 299
Defective Proliferation	p. 300
Enhanced Cell Death	p. 300
Defective Induction	p. 301
Vitamin A, Craniofacial Defects, and the Neural Crest	p. 302
Direct Action In Vivo	p. 302
Craniofacial Defects	p. 305
Mechanisms of Action	p. 308
Indirect Effects	p. 309
Evolutionary Origins of Sensitivity to Retinoic Acid	p. 309
Defects Following Disruption of the Hox Code	p. 310
Hoxa1	p. 310
Hoxa2	p. 311
Hoxa1, Hoxa2, and Hoxb1	p. 311
Mutations and Birth Defects	p. 312
Looptail	p. 312
Splotch	p. 312
Regulation	p. 314
Sources of Cells	p. 316
Completeness of Regulation	p. 316
Pharyngeal-Arch Regulation	p. 317
Dorsal Root Ganglion Regulation	p. 317
Regulation of Cardiac Neural Crest	p. 319
Placodal Regulation from the Cardiac Neural Crest?	p. 320
Neural Crest Cells as Stem Cells	p. 321
Bi-, Tri-, and Multipotential NCCs	p. 321
What is a Stem Cell?	p. 322
NCCs as Stem Cells	p. 323
Notes	p. 325
Common Names of Species Discussed	p. 329
Species (with Common Names) Arranged by Major Groups	p. 333
References	p. 339
Index	p. 387
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

The Neural Crest and Neural Crest Cells in Vertebrate Development and Evolution

At a Glance

Hardcover

Industry Reviews

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