The Physics of Organic Superconductors and Conductors

By: Andrei Lebed (Editor)

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Hardcover | 24 April 2008

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Historically, quasi-low-dimensional superconductors were considered as the main candidates to observe high-temperature superconductivity. For a disc- sion of the related exotic mechanisms of superconductivity, suggested by W.A. Little and V.L. Ginzburg, see a chapter by D. J? erome in this volume. Unf- tunately, high-temperature superconductivity has not been discovered yet in quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) and quasi-two-dimensional (Q2D) organic ma- rials. Nevertheless, very rich and, in many cases, unique physical properties of their metallic, superconducting, charge- and spin-density-wave phases allowed P.M. Chaikin to claim that the ?rst organic superconductors, (TMTSF) X, 2 are probably the most interesting electronic materials ever discovered. Our book welcomes a reader to a fascinating world of exotic condensed matter physics, low temperatures, and high and ultrahigh magnetic ?elds. It is written by leading experts in the area from USA, France, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, South Korea, Croatia, Hungary, and Switzerland. The book consists of six parts, subdivided into 27 chapters, which contain both the experimental results and their theoretical explanations. The majority of the chapters contain pedagogical introductions and all necessary illustrations to be read separately. Although we concentrate on physical p- nomena, in the most chapters related chemistry and structural aspects of Q1D and Q2D organic materials are also discussed.

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Historical Surveys
Historical Approach to Organic Superconductivity	p. 3
One-Dimensional Conductors	p. 3
Two-Dimensional Conductors	p. 10
Conclusion	p. 12
References	p. 13
From Sliding Charge Density Wave to Charge Ordering	p. 17
References	p. 24
Field-Induced Spin-Density Waves and Dimensional Crossovers	p. 25
Introduction	p. 25
Peierls Spin(Charge)-Density Wave Instability	p. 26
Field-Induced Spin-Density Wave Instability	p. 28
Quantized Nesting Model	p. 32
Momentum Quantization Law	p. 33
Metal-FISDW Phase Transition Line	p. 34
Phase Transitions Between FISDW Sub-Phases	p. 35
Beyond Quantum Nesting Model	p. 38
References	p. 39
Cascade of FISDW Phases: Wave Vector Quantization and its Consequences	p. 41
Introduction	p. 41
FISDW Wave Vector Quantization	p. 42
Quantum Cascade of Phase Transitions	p. 42
Novel Quantized Hall Effect	p. 44
References	p. 45
General Reviews
La Tour des Sels de Bechgaard	p. 49
Introduction to the Bechgaard Salts	p. 49
Crystal Structure and Electronic Band Structure	p. 50
The Ambient-Pressure Spin-Density Wave State in (TMTSF)₂PF₆, and Effect of Pressure	p. 52
A Broader Context for Correlation Effects: the TMTTF Salts	p. 53
Magnetic Field Effects in the Bechgaard Salts	p. 54
A Little History and a Few Equations	p. 54
Field-Induced Spin-Density Waves	p. 57
Angular Magnetoresistance Oscillations in Quasi-One-Dimensional Conductors	p. 60
Superconductivity in the Bechgaard Salts	p. 67
Early Investigations of the Superconducting State	p. 67
Early Evidence for Unconventional Superconductivity	p. 68
Recent Investigations: Triplet Superconductivity	p. 70
Phases and Properties Near the SDW-Superconductor Boundary	p. 79
NMR Evidence for Phase Segregation for P ≈ P_c	p. 80
Critical Field Enhancement Close to the Superconductor-SDW Phase Boundary	p. 81
Conclusions and Conundra	p. 82
References	p. 84
Physical Properties of Quasi-Two-Dimensional Organic Conductors in Strong Magnetic Fields	p. 89
Introduction	p. 89
Crystal Structure	p. 90
Landau Quantization and Quantum Oscillations	p. 91
Lifshitz and Kosevich (L-K) Formula	p. 93
Temperature Reduction Factor	p. 95
Dingle Reduction Factor	p. 95
Spin-Splitting Reduction Factor	p. 97
Other Oscillatory Effects	p. 97
Effective Mass	p. 100
Magnetic Breakdown	p. 100
Quantum Interference	p. 102
Internal Field	p. 105
Special and Related Topics	p. 107
Field Induced Superconductivity	p. 107
Angular Dependent Magnetoresistance and Fermi Surface Topologies	p. 109
High Field Aspects of the ¿-(BEDT-TTF)₂ MHg(SCN)₄ Salts	p. 114
Discussion	p. 121
Summary	p. 122
References	p. 123
Magnetic Properties of Organic Conductors and Superconductors as Dimensional Crossovers	p. 127
Introduction	p. 127
Our Goals	p. 131
Dimensional Crossovers in a Magnetic Field	p. 132
Open Fermi Surfaces	p. 132
"Two-Dimensionalization" of an Electron Motion	p. 134
Periodic and Quasi-Periodic Trajectories	p. 135
"One-Dimensionalization" of Electron Motion	p. 137
Lebed Magic Angles as 1D → 2D Crossovers	p. 138
Interference Commensurate Oscillations as 1D → 2D Crossovers	p. 140
Quantum Mechanics of Dimensional Crossovers	p. 143
Momentum Quantization Law	p. 143
3D → 2D Crossovers	p. 146
3D → 1D Crossovers	p. 146
Lebed Magic Angles as 1D → 2D Crossovers	p. 148
Interference Commensurate Oscillations as 2D → 1D Crossovers	p. 151
Q2D Case: 3D → 2D Crossover and a Momentum Quantization Law	p. 154
Q2D Conductor: A Fully Quantum Mechanical Problem	p. 155
Angular Magnetoresistance Oscillations	p. 160
Lebed Magic Angles in a Metallic Phase	p. 160
Interference Commensurate Oscillations	p. 162
Field-Induced Spin-Density-Wave Phases	p. 164
Peierls Spin(Charge)-Density-Wave Instability	p. 165
Field-Induced Spin-Density-Wave Phases and 3D → 2D Crossovers	p. 167
Quantized Nesting Model	p. 171
Beyond Quantum Nesting Model	p. 177
Reentrant Superconductivity Phenomenon	p. 178
References	p. 181
Layered Organic Conductors in Strong Magnetic Fields	p. 185
Introduction	p. 185
Angle-Dependent Magnetoresistance Oscillations	p. 187
Closed Orbits	p. 189
Open Orbits	p. 193
Other Effects of the Field Orientation on the Semiclassical Magnetoresistance	p. 200
In-Plane Field Orientation	p. 200
Coherence Peak	p. 202
Breakdown of the Interlayer Coherence as Seen from the Magnetotransport	p. 204
Magnetic Quantum Oscillations	p. 208
Lifshitz-Kosevich Formula for the de Haas-van Alphen Effect	p. 208
Shubnikov-de Haas Oscillations	p. 209
Quantum Oscillations in Organic Metals	p. 210
High-Field Studies of the Low-Temperature Electronic State in ¿-(BEDT-TTF)₄ MHg(SCN)₄	p. 215
Magnetotransport Properties and the Fermi Surface Reconstruction in the Salts with M = K, Tl, and Rb	p. 215
Magnetic Field-Temperature Phase Diagram: Evidence of a CDW Ground State	p. 220
Field-Induced CDW Transitions	p. 223
Other Organic Conductors: Probing and Controlling Electronic Properties by Strong Magnetic Fields	p. 226
ß and ß″ Salts	p. 226
¿-(BEDT-TTF)₂X Salts	p. 228
¿ and ¿ Salts of (BETS) with Magnetic Anions	p. 231
Concluding Remarks	p. 234
References	p. 235
High-field Magnetoresistive Effects in Reduced-Dimensionality Organic Metals and Superconductors	p. 247
Introduction	p. 247
Intralayer Fermi-Surface Topologies	p. 249
High-Field Magnetotransport Effects	p. 252
Measurements of the Effective Fermi-Surface Dimensionality via the SQUIT Peak	p. 252
Mechanisms for Angle-Dependent Magnetoresistance Oscillations in Quasi-Two-Dimensional Organic Metals	p. 255
Further Clues about Dimensionality in the Resistivity Tensor Components	p. 256
High-Field Shubnikov-de Haas Measurements and Quasiparticle Scattering	p. 262
The Deduction of Quasiparticle Scattering Rates	p. 262
Charge-Density Waves at Fields above the Pauli Paramagnetic Limit	p. 265
New Quantum Fluid in Strong Magnetic Fields with Orbital Flux Quantization	p. 271
Summary	p. 271
References	p. 273
Energy and Dielectric Relaxations in Bechgaard-Fabre Salts	p. 277
Introduction	p. 277
Coulomb Interactions	p. 279
Charge Ordering and Ferroelectric Transition	p. 281
Low Frequency Permittivity in the SDW State of (TMTSF)₂PF₆ at Low Temperature	p. 281
First Experiments on (TMTTF)₂X Indicating Charge Ordering	p. 283
Conductivity	p. 284
Dielectric Permittivity	p. 286
Ferroelectric Character of the Charge Ordered State	p. 288
Deuteration	p. 290
Discussion	p. 291
Thermodynamical Properties	p. 293
Lattice Contribution	p. 294
SDW and Sub-SDW Phase Transitions	p. 297
Low Energy Excitations	p. 301
Nonequilibrium Phenomena	p. 302
Effect of Magnetic Field	p. 306
Conclusions	p. 307
References	p. 309
Ferroelectricity and Charge Ordering in Quasi-ID Organic Conductors	p. 313
Introduction: History and Events	p. 313
Hierarchy of Phases in Quasi-1D Organic Conductors	p. 316
Structural Transitions of the Anion Ordering	p. 317
Charge Ordering Transitions	p. 319
Overlapping and Coexistence of Phases	p. 321
Electronic Mechanism of the Charge Ordering	p. 321
Electric Polarization and Ferroelectricity	p. 323
Electronic Properties	p. 323
Permittivity	p. 323
Conductivity	p. 326
Ferroelectric Mott-Hubbard Ground State	p. 328
Choosing the Theory Approach	p. 328
Ground State and Symmetry Breaking	p. 329
Elementary Excitations	p. 331
Solitons	p. 331
Effects of Subsequent Transitions: Spin-Charge Reconfinement and Combined Solitons	p. 333
Optics	p. 335
Optics: Collective and Mixed Modes	p. 335
Optics: Solitons	p. 337
Optics: Summary	p. 339
Fate of the Metallic TMTSF Subfamily	p. 340
Origin and Range of Basic Parameters	p. 341
Generic Origins of Basic Parameters: Interactions Among Electrons or with Phonons?	p. 341
Where are We?	p. 342
Conclusions and Perspectives	p. 344
References	p. 352
Interacting Electrons in Quasi-One-Dimensional Organic Superconductors	p. 357
Introduction	p. 357
Elements of Theory for Interacting Electrons in Low Dimension	p. 360
Some Results of the Bosonization Picture [20]	p. 363
The Role of Interchain Coupling	p. 365
The Fabre Salts Series	p. 368
The Generic (TM)₂X Phase Diagram	p. 368
Longitudinal Transport	p. 369
Transverse Transport and Deconfinement	p. 371
Far Infrared Response in the (TM)₂X Series	p. 373
The Ordered States at Low Temperature	p. 376
The Bechgaard Salts	p. 380
The Metallic Phase	p. 380
Pseudogap and Zero Frequency Mode in the Metallic Phase of (TMTSF)₂X	p. 384
Quarter-Filled Compounds	p. 385
A Robust 1D Compound: (TTDM-TTF)₂Au(mnt)2	p. 387
The Spin-Density-Wave Phase	p. 387
Some Features of the Superconducting State	p. 390
Conclusion and Outlook	p. 405
References	p. 406
Unusual Properties of a Metallic Phase
Unusual Magic Angles Effects in Bechgaard Salts	p. 415
Introduction	p. 415
Fractional Magic Angle Effects in (TMTSF)₂ReO₄	p. 416
Two Kinds of Angular Magnetoresistance Resonances of (TMTSF)₂PF₆: Pressure Dependence or Sample Dependence	p. 422
Bechgaard Salts Are Not Always One-Dimensional: (TMTSF)₂FSO₃	p. 426
Summary	p. 430
References	p. 430
Versatile Method to Estimate Dimensionality of Q1D Fermi Surface by Third Angular Effect	p. 433
Third Angular Effect	p. 433
Origin of TAE	p. 435
Requirement to Observe TAE	p. 435
Semiclassical Picture of TAE	p. 437
Quantum Mechanical Picture of TAE	p. 442
Estimation of Dimensionality t_y/t_x by TAE	p. 444
Case of Two Pairs of Q1D Fermi Surfaces	p. 449
Pressure Dependence of the Dimensionality	p. 453
References	p. 455
Microwave Spectroscopy of Q1D and Q2D Organic Conductors	p. 457
Introduction	p. 457
The Periodic Orbit Resonance Phenomenon	p. 459
Modification of Theory for Realistic Crystal Structures	p. 462
Experimental Observation of POR for Q1D Systems	p. 464
(TMTSF)₂ClO₄	p. 465
¿-(BEDT-TTF)₂KHg(SCN)₄	p. 470
Open-Orbit POR in a Q2D System	p. 474
POR in Q2D Nodal Superconductors	p. 476
Discussion and Comparisons with Other Experiments	p. 477
Summary and Conclusions	p. 480
References	p. 481
Field-Induced Spin(Charge)-Density Wave Phases
Magnetic Field-Induced Spin-Density Waveand Spin-Density Wave Phases in (TMTSF)₂PF₆	p. 487
Introduction	p. 487
Cyclotron Resonance on Open Orbits	p. 489
Experimental	p. 491
Observations	p. 491
Summary	p. 492
Novel Phases in the Field-Induced Spin-Density Wave	p. 493
Experimental	p. 494
Summary	p. 498
Rapid Oscillations	p. 498
Experimental	p. 500
On the Existence of Oscillations in Various Domains of the P-B-T Phase Space	p. 500
Existence of Delocalized States in the Spin-Ordered Phase	p. 502
Magnetoresistance Oscillations in a Tilted Field	p. 504
Temperature Dependence of the Oscillations	p. 504
Discussion	p. 507
Summary	p. 509
Coexistence of the Antiferromagnetic and Metallic Phases in (TMTSF)₂PF₆	p. 509
Introduction	p. 509
The Idea ofthe Experiment	p. 511
Experiment	p. 513
Observations	p. 514
Discussion of the Results	p. 517
Inhomogeneous State: Phase Separation or Phase Mixing?	p. 518
Prehistory Effects	p. 520
Phase Separation at Zero Magnetic Field	p. 521
Summary	p. 523
Concluding Remark	p. 524
References	p. 524
Theory of the Quantum Hall Effectin Quasi-One-Dimensional Conductors	p. 529
Introduction to Quasi-One-Dimensional Conductors	p. 529
Hall Effect in the Normal State	p. 530
Introduction to the Quantum Hall Effect in the FISDW State	p. 530
Mathematical Theory of the FISDW	p. 532
Quantum Hall Effect as a Topological Invariant	p. 534
Coexistence ofSeveral Order Parameters	p. 535
Temperature Evolution of the Quantum Hall Effect	p. 536
Influence of the FISDW Motion on the Quantum Hall Effect	p. 538
Chiral Edge States	p. 541
Edges Perpendicular to the Chains	p. 542
Edges Parallel to the Chains	p. 543
Possibilities for Experimental Observation of the Chiral Edges States	p. 544
Generalization to the Three-Dimensional Quantum Hall Effect	p. 545
Conclusions and Open Questions	p. 546
References	p. 547
Orbitally Quantized Density-Wave States Perturbed from Equilibrium	p. 551
Introduction	p. 551
Critical State	p. 552
Model for Non-equilibrium Field-Induced Density-Wave States	p. 554
Materials of Interest	p. 554
Equilibrium Conditions	p. 557
Pinning and Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics	p. 558
Magnetotransport	p. 561
Uniform Transport	p. 562
Inhomogeneous Transport	p. 564
Ballistic Transport in a Bulk Chiral Metal	p. 564
Future Directions	p. 566
References	p. 567
Unconventional Density Waves in Organic Conductors and in Superconductors	p. 569
Introduction	p. 569
Mean-Field Theory	p. 571
Landau Quantization	p. 574
Angle Dependent Magnetoresistance (ADMR)	p. 575
¿-(BEDT-TTF)₂MHg(SCN)₄ Salts with M = K, Rb, and Tl	p. 575
Bechgaard Salts (TMTSF)₂X	p. 577
¿-(ET)₂ Salts, CeCoIn₅, and YPrCO	p. 580
Giant Nernst Effect	p. 581
Concluding Remarks	p. 584
References	p. 585
Charge Density Waves in Strong Magnetic Fields	p. 589
Introduction	p. 589
Theoretical Background	p. 591
Discussion of Specific Regimes	p. 592
Regime of Perfect Nesting	p. 592
Regime of Imperfect Nesting	p. 594
Experiments	p. 596
¿-ET Compounds	p. 596
Perylene Compounds	p. 599
Blue Bronzes	p. 600
Conclusions	p. 601
References	p. 602
Unconventional Electronic Phases in (TMTSF)₂X: The Case of (TMTSF)₂ClO₄	p. 605
Introduction	p. 605
Structural Properties of the <$>{\rm ClO}_4^-<$> Anion Ordering	p. 606
AO vs. Cooling Rate	p. 607
AO under Pressure	p. 607
Discussion about the Anion Potential Value: Is it Small or Large?	p. 608
Relaxed State Properties	p. 609
Field Induced 3D-2D Crossover	p. 612
FISDW Phases: Some Key Features	p. 612
Concluding Remarks	p. 617
References	p. 617
Unconventional Superconducting Properties
Mott Transition and Superconductivityin Q2D Organic Conductors	p. 623
Introduction to Quasi-Two-Dimensional Organic Conductors	p. 623
Mott Transition	p. 624
Material Dependence of Normal-State Properties	p. 626
Spin Susceptibility	p. 626
NMR Relaxation Rate	p. 627
Systematic Variation of Low-Temperature Properties with U/W	p. 628
Pressure Study of Mott Transition	p. 630
Nature of Superconductivity	p. 631
NMR	p. 631
Specific Heat and Other Experiments	p. 636
Pseudogap Behavior	p. 638
Perspectives	p. 639
References	p. 640
Triplet Scenario of Superconductivity vs. Singlet One in (TMTSF)₂X Materials	p. 643
Introduction	p. 643
Our Goals	p. 645
Paramagnetic Limit in Q1D Case: <$>H_{\rm p}^{{\rm Q}1{\rm D}}<$>	p. 647
Theoretical Calculations of <$>H_{\rm p}^{{\rm Q}1{\rm D}}<$>	p. 647
Experimental Exceeding of <$>H_{\rm p}^{{\rm Q}1{\rm D}}<$>	p. 650
Paramagnetic Limits in the Presence of the Orbital Effects: <$>H_{\rm p}^{{\rm Q}1{\rm D}}<$> (¿) and <$>H_{\rm p}^b<$>	p. 651
Theoretical Calculations of <$>H_{\rm p}^{{\rm Q}1{\rm D}}<$> (¿) and <$>H_{\rm p}^b<$>	p. 651
Experimental Exceeding of <$>H_{\rm p}^{{\rm Q}1{\rm D}}<$> (¿) and <$>H_{\rm p}^b<$>	p. 651
Paramagnetic Limitations for <$>{\bf H} \parallel {\bf a}<$>	p. 653
Physical Properties of d(k) = [d_a(k), 0,0] Triplet Superconducting Phase	p. 653
Reentrant Superconductivity Phenomenon	p. 656
Singlet Scenario of Unconventional Superconductivity	p. 658
References	p. 658
Triplet Superconductivity in Quasi-One-Dimensional Conductors	p. 661
Introduction	p. 661
Hamiltonian and Order Parameter Symmetries	p. 663
Spectroscopic and Thermodynamic Quantities	p. 666
Josephson Effect	p. 670
Density Induced Quantum Phase Transitions	p. 675
Coexistence of Triplet Superconductivity and Spin-Density Wave	p. 678
Summary	p. 683
References	p. 684
Theory of the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov State and Application to Quasi-Low-dimensional Organic Superconductors	p. 687
The FFLO State	p. 688
Basis of the FFLO State	p. 688
Spatial Structure of the Order Parameter	p. 688
Exotic Superconductors and the FFLO State	p. 690
Lower Critical Field	p. 690
Nesting Effect for the FFLO State	p. 691
Vortex States and the FFLO State	p. 693
Coexistence of the FFLO State and Vortex States in 3D Systems	p. 694
Tilted Magnetic Field in 2D Systems	p. 694
Orbital Pair-Breaking Effect in Q2D Systems	p. 697
Candidate Organic Superconductors	p. 698
¿-(BEDT-TTF)₂X	p. 698
¿-(BETS)₂X	p. 699
Other Exotic Superconductors	p. 700
Conclusion and Future Prospects	p. 701
References	p. 702
Electron Correlations in Organic Conductors
SO(4) Symmetry in Bechgaard Salts	p. 707
Competing Orders in Strongly Correlated Electron Systems: Emergence of Higher Symmetries	p. 707
SO(4) Symmetry in Quasi-One-Dimensional Systems	p. 709
Order Parameters and Generators at Half filling	p. 709
Symmetries of a Luttinger Liquid	p. 710
Competition of Spin-Density Wave Order and Triplet Superconductivity in Bechgaard Salts	p. 712
Collective Modes	p. 715
References	p. 717
From Luttinger to Fermi Liquidsin Organic Conductors	p. 719
Introduction	p. 719
General Ideas	p. 720
Mott Insulators and One-Dimensional Transport	p. 725
Theory of Transport	p. 725
Tranport in the Organics	p. 730
Coupled Chains	p. 735
Conclusions and Perspectives	p. 739
References	p. 741
Index	p. 745
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The Physics of Organic Superconductors and Conductors

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