The Pottery Figurines of Pre-Columbian Peru

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF PLATES

LIST OF CHRONOLOGICAL CHARTS

LIST OF MAPS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

PREFACE

THE GEOGRAPHIC AND CHRONOLOGICAL FRAME

CHAPTER 1: THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD ON THE CENTRAL COAST

Introduction

The Figurines of the Preceramic Period

Bandurria

El Aspero

Rio Seco de Leo

El Paraiso

Huaca La Florida, Rimac Valley

Synopsis

CHAPTER 2: THE EARLY AND MIDDLE FORMATIVE PERIOD ON THE CENTRAL COAST

Introduction

The Chronology of the Early Formative (Initial Period) and Middle Formative (Early Horizon Epochs 1 to 6): Explanatory notes to Chronological Chart 1

The Figurines of the Lower and Middle Formative (Initial Period and Early Horizon)

Group 1: Figurines from the Ancon shell middens (Sub-groups 1.1 to 1.4)

Group 2: Figurines from Central Coast sites other than Ancon

Rimac Valley sites (Garagay, Quebrada Canto Grande, Huachipa)

Lurin Valley sites (Malpaso, Cardal, Manchay Bajo)

Curayacu

Synopsis

CHAPTER 3: THE EPIFORMATIVE (LATE FORMATIVE AND EARLY EIP) ON THE CENTRAL COAST

Introduction

The Chronology of the Epiformative (Late Formative or Early Horizon Epochs 9, 10 and Early Intermediate Period Epochs 1-3/4): Explanatory notes to Chart 2.1

The Figurines of the Epiformative (Late Formative to Early EIP)

Synopsis

CHAPTER 4: THE EARLY INTERMEDIATE PERIOD ON THE CENTRAL COAST: THE LIMA

CULTURE AND ITS SUCCESSORS: NIEVERIA AND MARANGA

Introduction

The Figurines of the Lima Culture

Group 1: Miscellaneous Lima figurines

Group 2: Nascoid figurines found in a Lima context and associated figurines

Group 3: Figurines belonging to or associated with the Nieveria or Maranga pottery styles

Synopsis

CHAPTER 5: THE EARLY MIDDLE HORIZON ON THE CENTRAL COAST: EARLY MH GROUPS 1 AND 2

Introduction

Group 1: Figurines possibly originating in the South/Central Sierra

Group 2: Wari-Pachacamac and related figurines

Sub-group 2.1: Figurines belonging or related to Wari-Pachacamac

Sub-group 2.2: Figurines related to Wari-Pachacamac and to other local traditions

A wooden figurine with ceramic mask from Pachacamac

Synopsis

CHAPTER 6: THE TRANSITION FROM THE EARLY TO THE LATE MIDDLE HORIZON ON THE CENTRAL COAST: "TRANSITIONAL" EARLY-LATE MH FIGURINES GROUPS 1 AND 2

Introduction

Group 1: Miscellaneous hybrid figurines

Group 2: The Teatino figurines

Synopsis

CHAPTER 7: THE LATE MIDDLE HORIZON ON THE CENTRAL COAST: "INNOVATIVE" FIGURINES GROUPS 1 TO 3

Introduction

Group 1: The Supe figurines

Group 2: Supe-related hybrids

Sub-group 2.1: Supe-Teatino hybrids

Sub-group 2.2: Supe-Huaura hybrids

A Supe hybrid excavated by Uhle at Pachacamac, Gravefield 1: 1516

Group 3: Anthropo-zoomorphic figurines

Sub-group 3.1: "Cats"

Sub-group 3.2: "Birds"/"Fish"

Synopsis

CHAPTER 8: THE LATE MH AND EARLY PART OF THE LIP IN THE NORTHERN SECTOR (NORTE CHICO) OF THE CENTRAL COAST: THE HUAURA FIGURINES AND UNAFFILIATED FIGURINES

Introduction

The relationship between the Huaura and Chancay figurines

The Huaura Figurines

Group 1: Figurines with animal (or mythical?) features and hands placed on the genitals

Group 2: Standard figurines

Sub-group 2.1: Standard Huaura figurines with folded arms

Sub-group 2.2: Standard Huaura figurines with two sets of arms: one set folded, one extended

Sub-group 2.3: Standard Huaura figurines with extended arms

Group 3: Figurines with elongated head

Group 4: Flat, solid figurines ("Slabs")

Synopsis

Late MH and Early LIP Unaffiliated Figurines from the Norte Chico

Group 1: Unaffiliated figurines related to Supe or Huaura

Group 2: Miscellaneous Late MH-Early LIP unaffiliated figurines

CHAPTER 9: FROM THE LATE MIDDLE HORIZON TO THE LATE HORIZON PART I: THE FIGURINES OF THE CHANCAY CULTURE AND UNAFFILIATED (CHANCAY-RELATED) FIGURINES

Introduction

Chronological framework of the Chancay culture

Group 1: The Chancay Cuchimilco

Sub-group 1.1 (sub-groups 1.1.1-1.1.4): Early Chancay cuchimilcos with folded arms

Sub-group 1.2 (sub-groups 1.2.2-1.2.4): Early Chancay cuchimilcos with two sets of arms

Sub-group 1.3 (sub-groups 1.3.1-1.3.4): Early Chancay cuchimilcos with extended arms

Sub-group 1.4: The classic black-on-white cuchimilco

Sub-group 1.4.1: Small black-on-white cuchimilcos (height up to 30 cm)

Sub-group 1.4.2: Large black-on-white cuchimilcos (height above 50 cm)

Sub-group 1.4.3: "Baroque" black-on-white cuchimilcos

Sub-group 1.5: Chancay-Huaura cuchimilcos

Sub-group 1.5.1: Early Chancay-Huaura cuchimilcos

Sub-group 1.5.2: Black-on-white Chancay-Huaura cuchimilcos

Sub-group 1.5.3: A Chancay-Huaura variant: cuchimilcos of the Jecuan sub-style

Sub-Group 1.6: Chancay cuchimilcos in red or black wares (Phases 3 and 4)

Sub-group 1.6.1: Cuchimilcos in miscellaneous red wares

Sub-group 1.6.2: Cuchimilcos in black- or black-slipped wares

Group 2: Chancay Figurines with Elongated Head

Sub-group 2.1: Early figurines with elongated head and folded arms

Sub-group 2.2: Early figurines with elongated head and extended arms

Sub-group 2.3: Classic black-on-white figurines with elongated head (Phases 3 and 4)

Sub-group 2.4: Chancay-Huaura figurines with elongated head (Jecuan sub-style)

Sub-group 2.5: Figurines with elongated head in red or black ware (Phases 3 and 4)

Sub-group 2.5.1: Figurines with elongated head in red ware

Sub-group 2.5.2: Figurines with elongated head in black or black-slipped ware

Sub-group 2.6: Special figurines with elongated head

Group 3: The Chancay "Witch"

Sub-group 3.1: The black-on-white "Witch"

Sub-group 3.2: The "Witch" in red or black wares

Group 4: The Chancay "Attendant"

Group 5: Chancay Personage with Helmet

Group 6: Small, Crude, Hand-made, Solid Figurines ("Spooks")

Group 7: The Anthropomorphic Monkey

Chancay Molds

Synopsis

Central Coast LIP Unaffiliated Figurines (Probably Chancay-Related)

CHAPTER 10: FROM THE LATE MIDDLE HORIZON TO THE LATE HORIZON PART II: THE FIGURINES OF THE YCHSMA CERAMIC STYLE

Introduction

Chancay versus Ychsma

The Ychsma Figurines

Group 1: Early Ychsma Figurines

Group 2: Late Intermediate and Late Horizon Ychsma Figurines

Sub-group 2.1A: Figurines with certain or fairly reliable provenances from the Rimac Valley

Sub-group 2.1B: Figurines with undocumented provenances from the Rimac Valley

Sub-group 2.2A: Figurines with certain or fairly reliable provenances from the Lurin Valley

a. Miscellaneous figurines from Pachacamac

Pachacamac: Figurines from the Plaza de los Pelegrinos

Figurines from Pueblo Viejo-Pucara

c1: Ychsma-style figurines excavated in Pueblo Viejo-Pucara

c2: "Associated" non-Ychsma figurines excavated in Pueblo Viejo-Pucara

d: Figurines from other sites in the Lurin Valley

Sub-group 2.2B: Figurines with undocumented provenances from the Lurin Valley

Synopsis

CHAPTER 11: CENTRAL COAST FIGURINES OF THE LATE HORIZON - CULTURALLY UNASSIGNED

Introduction

Group 1: Late Horizon "Standard" Figurines

Sub-group 1.1: Large, hand-made, hollow figurines

Sub-group 1.2: Figurines made of one frontal mold

Group 2: Late Horizon Figurines with Elongated Head

Group 3: Late Horizon "Specials"

Sub-group 3.1: Five very unusual but similar figurines

Sub-group 3.2: Miscellaneous figurines

Synopsis

CHAPTER 12: FIGURINES ON CERAMIC CRADLES, LITTERS AND "PALANQUINS"

Introduction

Group 1: Figurines on Infant Cradles

Group 2: Figurines on Funerary Litters

Group 3: Figurines on "Palanquins"

CHAPTER 13: CONCLUSIONS

A. The Function of the Figurines

B. Cultural Processes on the Central Coast as Reflected in the Figurines

APPENDIX 1: NOTES ON MUSEUM COLLECTIONS

APPENDIX 2: NOTES ON SOME CENTRAL COAST SITES

APPENDIX 3: GRAVELOTS

Tables listing the Gravelots

Plates illustrating the Gravelots

BIBLIOGRAPHY

TABLES

Explanations to the Tables

The Tables

PLATES

CHRONOLOGICAL CHARTS

MAP