| Preface | p. xv |
| What Is a Robot? | p. 1 |
| Defining Robotics | |
| Where Do Robots Come From? | p. 7 |
| A Brief but Gripping History of Robotics | |
| Control Theory | p. 7 |
| Cybernetics | p. 8 |
| Grey Walter's Tortoise | p. 9 |
| Braitenberg's Vehicles | p. 11 |
| Artificial Intelligence | p. 13 |
| What's in a Robot? | p. 19 |
| Robot Components | |
| Embodiment | p. 20 |
| Sensing | p. 21 |
| Action | p. 24 |
| Brains and Brawn | p. 25 |
| Autonomy | p. 26 |
| Arms, Legs, Wheels, Tracks, and What Really Drives Them | p. 29 |
| Effectors and Actuators | |
| Active vs. Passive Actuation | p. 30 |
| Types of Actuators | p. 31 |
| Motors | p. 32 |
| Direct Current (DC) Motors | p. 32 |
| Gearing | p. 3 |
| Servo Motors | p. 37 |
| Degrees of Freedom | p. 38 |
| Move It! | p. 47 |
| Locomotion | |
| Stability | p. 48 |
| Moving and Gaits | p. 51 |
| Wheels and Steering | p. 53 |
| Staying on the Path vs. Getting There | p. 55 |
| Grasping at Straws | p. 59 |
| Manipulation | |
| Endeffectors | p. 59 |
| Teleoperation | p. 60 |
| Why Is Manipulation Hard? | p. 62 |
| What's Going On? | p. 69 |
| Sensors | |
| Levels of Processing | p. 73 |
| Switch on the Light | p. 81 |
| Simple Sensors | |
| Passive vs. Active Sensors | p. 81 |
| Switches | p. 82 |
| Light Sensors | p. 84 |
| Polarized Light | p. 86 |
| Reflective Optosensors | p. 86 |
| Reflectance Sensors | p. 88 |
| Infra Red Light | p. 89 |
| Modulation and Demodulation of Light | p. 90 |
| Break Beam Sensors | p. 90 |
| Shaft Encoders | p. 91 |
| Resistive Position Sensors | p. 94 |
| Potentiometers | p. 95 |
| Sonars, Lasers, and Cameras | p. 97 |
| Complex Sensors | |
| Ultrasonic or Sonar Sensing | p. 97 |
| Sonar Before and Beyond Robotics | p. 100 |
| Specular Reflection | p. 101 |
| Laser Sensing | p. 104 |
| Visual Sensing | p. 107 |
| Cameras | p. 108 |
| Edge Detection | p. 110 |
| Model-Based Vision | p. 112 |
| Motion Vision | p. 113 |
| Stereo Vision | p. 114 |
| Texture, Shading, Contours | p. 115 |
| Biological Vision | p. 116 |
| Vision for Robots | p. 117 |
| Stay in Control | p. 121 |
| Feedback Control | |
| Feedback or Closed Loop Control | p. 121 |
| The Many Faces of Error | p. 122 |
| An Example of a Feedback Control Robot | p. 124 |
| Types of Feedback Control | p. 126 |
| Proportional Control | p. 126 |
| Derivative Control | p. 128 |
| Integral Control | p. 129 |
| PD and PID Control | p. 130 |
| Feedforward or Open Loop Control | p. 131 |
| The Building Blocks of Control | p. 135 |
| Control Architectures | |
| Who Needs Control Architectures? | p. 135 |
| Languages for Programming Robots | p. 137 |
| And the Architectures are... | p. 139 |
| Time | p. 141 |
| Modularity | p. 141 |
| Representation | p. 142 |
| What's in Your Head? | p. 145 |
| Representation | |
| The Many Ways to Make a Map | p. 146 |
| What Can the Robot Represent? | p. 147 |
| Costs of Representing | p. 148 |
| Think Hard, Act Later | p. 151 |
| Deliberative Control | |
| What Is Planning? | p. 151 |
| Costs of Planning | p. 154 |
| Don't Think, React! | p. 161 |
| Reactive Control | |
| Action Selection | p. 166 |
| Subsumption Architecture | p. 169 |
| Herbert, or How to Sequence Behaviors Through the World | p. 172 |
| Think and Act Separately, in Parallel | p. 177 |
| Hybrid Control | |
| Dealing with Changes in the World/Map/Task | p. 179 |
| Planning and Replanning | p. 180 |
| On-Line and Off-Line Planning | p. 182 |
| Think the Way You Act | p. 187 |
| Behavior-Based Control | |
| Distributed Representation | p. 192 |
| An Example: Distributed Mapping | p. 193 |
| Toto the Robot | p. 194 |
| Toto's Navigation | p. 194 |
| Toto's Landmark Detection | p. 196 |
| Toto's Mapping Behaviors | p. 197 |
| Path Planning in Toto's Behavior Map | p. 200 |
| Toto's Map-Following | p. 202 |
| Making Your Robot Behave | p. 207 |
| Behavior Coordination | |
| Behavior Arbitration: Make a Choice | p. 207 |
| Behavior Fusion: Sum It Up | p. 209 |
| When the Unexpected Happens | p. 215 |
| Emergent Behavior | |
| An Example: Emergent Wall-Following | p. 215 |
| The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts | p. 218 |
| Components of Emergence | p. 218 |
| Expect the Unexpected | p. 218 |
| Predictability of Surprise | p. 219 |
| Good vs. Bad Emergent Behavior | p. 220 |
| Architectures and Emergence | p. 221 |
| Going Places | p. 223 |
| Navigation | |
| Localization | p. 225 |
| Search and Path Planning | p. 228 |
| SLAM | p. 229 |
| Coverage | p. 230 |
| Go, Team! | p. 233 |
| Group Robotics | |
| Benefits of Teamwork p.20.1 | |
| Challenges of Teamwork | p. 236 |
| Types of Groups and Teams | p. 237 |
| Communication | p. 241 |
| Kin Recognition | p. 246 |
| Getting a Team to Play Together | p. 247 |
| I'm the Boss: Centralized Control | p. 247 |
| Work It Out as a Team: Distributed Control | p. 248 |
| Architectures for Multi-Robot Control | p. 249 |
| Pecking Orders: Hierarchies | p. 250 |
| Things Keep Getting Better | p. 255 |
| Learning | |
| Reinforcement Learning | p. 256 |
| Supervised Learning | p. 260 |
| Learning from Imitation/From Demonstration | p. 261 |
| Learning and Forgetting | p. 265 |
| Where To Next? | p. 269 |
| The Future of Robotics | |
| Space Robotics | p. 273 |
| Surgical Robotics | p. 274 |
| Self-Reconfigurable Robotics | p. 276 |
| Humanoid Robotics | p. 277 |
| Social Robotics and Human-Robot Interaction | p. 278 |
| Service, Assistive and Rehabilitation Robotics | p. 280 |
| Educational Robotics | p. 283 |
| Ethical Implications | p. 285 |
| Bibliography | p. 289 |
| Glossary | p. 293 |
| Index | p. 302 |
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