The Structure and Properties of Matter

1. Atoms as Constituents of Matter.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Atomic Scale.- 1.3 One-Electron Atoms and the Hydrogen Atom.- 1.4 Central-Field Approximation.- 1.5 Shell Structure of Atoms and Periodicity of the Elements.- 1.6 Stationary States of Atoms I.- 1.7 Stationary States of Atoms II.- 2. System of Protons and Electrons.- 2.1 General Comments.- 2.2 Electronic State of a Hydrogen Molecule.- 2.3 Systems Made of Hydrogen Molecules.- 2.4 Metallic State at High Density.- 2.4.1 Electron-Electron Interaction.- 2.4.2 Interaction Between Protons and Electrons.- 2.4.3 Motion of Protons.- 2.5 Phase Diagram of the Proton-Electron System.- 3. Helium.- 3.1 Characteristics of Helium.- 3.2 Superfluidity.- 3.3 Phonons and Rotons.- 3.4 Liquid 3He; Fermi Liquid.- 3.4.1 Basic Ideas of the Fermi Liquid Theory.- 3.4.2 The Equilibrium Properties.- 4. Super fluid Helium 3.- 4.1 Basic Properties.- 4.1.1 Thermodynamic Properties.- 4.1.2 Transport Phenomena.- 4.1.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Experiments.- 4.2 Spin Triplet P-Wave Pairing.- 4.2.1 Cooper Pair.- 4.2.2 Generalization of the BCS Theory.- 4.2.3 Order Parameters of the Spin Triplet P-Wave Superfluid.- 4.2.4 ABM State and BW State.- 4.3 Physical Properties of ABM and BW States.- 4.3.1 Energy Gap.- 4.3.2 Normal (Super) Fluid Component ?n(?s).- 4.3.3 Susceptibility.- 4.4 Fermi Liquid Effects.- 4.5 Nuclear Spin Dynamics.- 4.5.1 Small Oscillations.- 4.5.2 Ringing.- 4.6 Texture and Superfluidity.- 5. Metals.- 5.1 Characteristics of Metals.- 5.2 Band Theory of Metals.- 5.3 Fermi Surface.- 5.4 Pseudopotential of Simple Metals.- 5.5 Structure of Simple Metals,.- 5.6 Transition Metals.- 5.7 Alloys.- 5.8 Superconductivity.- 6. Nonmetals.- 6.1 Molecular Crystals.- 6.2 Ionic Crystals.- 6.3 Covalent Crystal.- 6.4 Hydrogen-Bonded Crystals.- 6.5 Electron Theory of Nonmetals (Semiconductors).- 6.6 Semimetals.- 6.7 Properties of Matter Under High Pressure.- 7. Localized Electron Approximation.- 7.1 A Simple Model for Tetrahedrally Bonded Semiconductors.- 7.2 Bond Orbital Model (BOM).- 7.2.1 Effective Charge.- 7.2.2 Dielectric Constant.- 7.3 Cohesive Energy and Stability of Crystal Structures.- 7.4 Relationship Between the BOM and EPM.- 8. Magnetism.- 8.1 Magnetic Properties of Solids.- 8.2 Magnetic Properties of Simple Solids.- 8.3 Mechanism of Spin Polarization and the Electronic State in Solids.- 8.4 Configurations of Spin Polarization in Magnetic-Ordered States.- 8.4.1 Magnetic Anisotropy Energy and Crystal Fields.- 8.4.2 Magnetic Order in Insulators.- 8.4.3 Magnetic Order due to the Double Exchange Interaction.- 8.4.4 Magnetic Order in Metals.- 8.5 Collective Motion in Ordered States and Phase Transitions.- 8.6 Magnetic Properties of Dilute Alloys.- 8.7 Applications of Magnetic Measurements for Condensed Matter.- 9. Magnetic Properties of Dilute Alloys - the Kondo Effect.- 9.1 Recent Investigations of the Kondo Effect.- 9.2 A Survey of Recent Experiments.- 9.3 Yosida-Yamada Theory.- 9.4 Renormalization Group Approach.- 10. Random Systems.- 10.1 Periodic and Aperiodic Systems.- 10.2 Point Defects.- 10.3 Line Imperfections and Dislocations.- 10.4 Cradle of Random Systems - Melting of Crystals and Order-Disorder Phase Transition in Alloys.- 10.5 Noncrystalline Solids.- 10.6 Liquid Metals and Electronic and Vibrational States of Random Systems.- 11. Coherent Potential Approximation (CPA).- 11.1 Survey.- 11.2 A Few Examples of Experimental Results.- 11.2.1 Optical Absorption Spectra in Mixed Ionic Crystals.- 11.2.2 Photoemission of Transition Metal Alloys and Noble Metal Alloys.- 11.2.3 Magnetic Moments and Electron Specific Heat of Ferromagnetic Alloys.- 11.3 Computer Simulations and Exact Solutions.- 11.3.1 Results of Computer Experiments.- 11.3.2 Exact Results.- 11.4 Model Hamiltonian.- 11.5 One-Particle Green's Function.- 11.6 Approximations before CPA.- 11.6.1 Rigid Band Model (the Lowest-Order Virtual Crystal Model).- 11.6.2 Virtual-Crystal Model.- 11.6.3 Dilute Limit.- 11.6.4 The Average t-Matrix Approximation (ATA).- 11.7 Derivation and the Characteristic Features of the CPA.- 11.7.1 Rigid Band Limit.- 11.7.2 Virtual-Crystal Limit.- 11.7.3 Dilute Limit.- 11.7.4 Split-Band Limit.- 11.8 Applications of the CPA.- 11.8.1 A One-Dimensional AB Alloy.- 11.8.2 Phonon Density of States of an Isotopically Disordered Model System.- 11.8.3 Density of States of a Three-Dimensional Alloy.- 11.8.4 Optical Absorption Spectra of Mixed Crystals.- 11.8.5 Density of States of Transition- and Noble-Metal Alloys.- 11.8.6 Ferromagnetic Alloys.- 11.9 Universality of the CPA.- 11.9.1 Cluster Effects (Multi-Site Approximations).- 11.9.2 Extension to Systems with Off-Diagonal Disorder.- 11.9.3 Extension to Systems with Both Diagonal and Off-Diagonal Disorder.- 11.9.4 Extension to Structurally Disordered Systems Composed of Single Species.- 11.9.5 Extension to the Multi-Band Hamiltonian.- 11.9.6 Extension of CPA to the Calculations of Other Physical Quantities.- References.