Preface | p. xiii |
Author | p. xv |
Mineral Nutrition versus Yield of Field Crops | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
History of Mineral Nutrition Research | p. 3 |
Nutrient Requirements for Crop Plants | p. 5 |
Diagnostic Techniques for Nutritional Requirements | p. 6 |
Association between Nutrient Uptake and Crop Yields | p. 8 |
Factors Affecting Nutrient Availability | p. 9 |
Field Crops | p. 10 |
Classification of Field Crops | p. 10 |
Agronomic Use | p. 10 |
Botanical | p. 10 |
Growth Habit | p. 13 |
Forage Crops | p. 13 |
Special Purpose | p. 13 |
Photorespiration | p. 14 |
Crop Yield | p. 16 |
Yield Components | p. 17 |
Cereal versus Legume Yields | p. 22 |
Conclusions | p. 25 |
References | p. 26 |
Nitrogen | p. 31 |
Introduction | p. 31 |
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems | p. 32 |
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms | p. 37 |
Definitions and Estimation of N Use Efficiency | p. 40 |
Uptake and Partitioning | p. 40 |
Concentration | p. 41 |
Uptake | p. 44 |
Nitrogen Harvest Index | p. 47 |
NH[subscript 4 superscript +] versus NO[subscript 3 superscript -] Uptake | p. 47 |
Interaction with Other Nutrients | p. 52 |
Management Practices to Maximizing N Use Efficiency | p. 53 |
Liming Acid Soils | p. 54 |
Use of Crop Rotation | p. 56 |
Use of Cover/Green Manure Crops | p. 58 |
Use of Farmyard Manures | p. 61 |
Adequate Moisture Supply | p. 63 |
Adoption of Conservation/Minimum Tillage | p. 64 |
Use of Appropriate Source, Method, Rate, and Timing of N Application | p. 64 |
Use of Efficient Species/Genotypes | p. 73 |
Slow-Release Fertilizers | p. 74 |
Use of Nitrification Inhibitor | p. 74 |
Control of Diseases, Insects, and Weeds | p. 76 |
Conclusions | p. 76 |
References | p. 77 |
Phosphorus | p. 91 |
Introduction | p. 91 |
Phosphate Fertilizer-Related Terminology | p. 92 |
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems | p. 94 |
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms | p. 97 |
Definitions and Estimation of P Use Efficiency in Crop Plants | p. 100 |
Concentration in Plant Tissue | p. 100 |
Uptake and P Harvest Index | p. 103 |
Interaction with Other Nutrients | p. 104 |
Phosphorus versus Environment | p. 105 |
Management Practices to Maximize P Use Efficiency | p. 107 |
Liming Acid Soils | p. 107 |
Use of Appropriate Source, Timing, Method, and Rate of P Fertilization | p. 109 |
Use of Balanced Nutrition | p. 113 |
Use of P Efficient Crop Species or Genotypes within Species | p. 114 |
Supply of Adequate Moisture | p. 119 |
Improving Organic Matter Content of the Soil | p. 120 |
Improving Activities of Beneficial Microorganisms in the Rhizosphere | p. 120 |
Control of Soil Erosion | p. 121 |
Control of Diseases, Insects, and Weeds | p. 122 |
Conclusions | p. 122 |
References | p. 123 |
Potassium | p. 131 |
Introduction | p. 131 |
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems | p. 132 |
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms | p. 135 |
Concentration and Uptake | p. 137 |
Grain Harvest Index and K Harvest Index | p. 140 |
Use Efficiency | p. 142 |
Interaction with Other Nutrients | p. 143 |
Management Practices to Maximize K Use Efficiency | p. 145 |
Liming Acid Soils | p. 145 |
Appropriate Source | p. 147 |
Adequate Rate of Application | p. 147 |
Appropriate Time of Application | p. 149 |
Appropriate Method of Application | p. 151 |
Use of Efficient Crop Species/Cultivars | p. 152 |
Incorporation of Crop Residues | p. 154 |
Adequate Moisture Supply | p. 156 |
Use of Farmyard Manures | p. 157 |
Optimum K Saturation in Soil Solution | p. 157 |
Conclusions | p. 157 |
References | p. 159 |
Calcium | p. 165 |
Introduction | p. 165 |
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems | p. 167 |
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms | p. 168 |
Concentration and Uptake | p. 169 |
Use Efficiency and Ca Harvest Index | p. 171 |
Interaction with Other Nutrients | p. 173 |
Management Practices to Maximize Ca[superscript 2+] Use Efficiency | p. 175 |
Liming Acid Soils | p. 175 |
Application of Optimum Rate | p. 176 |
Use of Appropriate Source | p. 182 |
Appropriate Ca/Mg and Ca/K Ratios | p. 184 |
Use of Efficient Crop Species/Cultivars | p. 186 |
Conclusions | p. 190 |
References | p. 192 |
Magnesium | p. 197 |
Introduction | p. 197 |
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems | p. 197 |
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms | p. 199 |
Concentration and Uptake | p. 200 |
Use Efficiency and Mg[superscript 2+] Harvest Index | p. 203 |
Interactions with Other Nutrients | p. 205 |
Management Practices to Maximize Mg[superscript 2+] Use Efficiency | p. 206 |
Liming Acid Soils | p. 206 |
Appropriate Source, Rate, and Methods of Application | p. 209 |
Other Management Practices | p. 211 |
Conclusions | p. 211 |
References | p. 211 |
Sulfur | p. 215 |
Introduction | p. 215 |
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems | p. 216 |
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms | p. 220 |
Concentration and Uptake | p. 222 |
Use Efficiency and S Harvest Index | p. 225 |
Interaction with Other Nutrients | p. 226 |
Management Practices to Maximize S Use Efficiency | p. 227 |
Liming Acid Soils | p. 227 |
Use of Appropriate Source, Rate, Method, and Timing of Application | p. 228 |
Soil Test for Making S Recommendations | p. 231 |
Recommendations Based on Crop Removal, Tissue Critical S Concentration, and Crop Responses | p. 232 |
Other Management Practices | p. 233 |
Conclusions | p. 234 |
References | p. 235 |
Zinc | p. 241 |
Introduction | p. 241 |
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems | p. 247 |
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms | p. 250 |
Concentration in Plant Tissues and Uptake | p. 252 |
Use Efficiency and Zn Harvest Index | p. 258 |
Interaction with Other Nutrients | p. 260 |
Management Practices to Maximize Zn Use Efficiency | p. 264 |
Appropriate Source, Method, and Rate of Application | p. 264 |
Soil Test as a Criterion for Recommendations | p. 266 |
Use of Efficient Crop Species/Genotypes | p. 267 |
Symbiosis with Mycorrhizae and Other Microflora | p. 269 |
Other Management Practices | p. 270 |
Conclusions | p. 270 |
References | p. 271 |
Copper | p. 279 |
Introduction | p. 279 |
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems | p. 282 |
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms | p. 284 |
Concentration in Plant Tissues and Uptake | p. 286 |
Use Efficiency and Cu Harvest Index | p. 289 |
Interaction with Other Nutrients | p. 291 |
Management Practices to Maximize Cu Use Efficiency | p. 291 |
Appropriate Method and Source | p. 292 |
Adequate Rate | p. 292 |
Use of EFficient Crop Species/Genotypes | p. 294 |
Conclusions | p. 296 |
References | p. 297 |
Iron | p. 301 |
Introduction | p. 301 |
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems | p. 305 |
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms | p. 307 |
Iron Toxicity | p. 308 |
Management Practices to Ameliorate Fe Toxicity | p. 309 |
Concentration and Uptake | p. 312 |
Use Efficiency and Fe Harvest Index | p. 317 |
Interaction with Other Nutrients | p. 318 |
Management Practices to Maximize Fe Use Efficiency | p. 320 |
Source, Method, and Rate of Application | p. 320 |
Soil Test to Identify Critical Fe Level | p. 321 |
Use of Efficient Crop Species/Genotypes | p. 322 |
Breeding for Fe Efficiency | p. 323 |
Conclusions | p. 324 |
References | p. 325 |
Manganese | p. 333 |
Introduction | p. 333 |
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems | p. 335 |
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms | p. 338 |
Concentration and Uptake | p. 339 |
Use Efficiency and Mn Harvest Index | p. 342 |
Interaction with Other Nutrients | p. 342 |
Management Practices to Maximize Mn Use Efficiency | p. 345 |
Use of Adequate Rate, Appropriate Source, and Methods | p. 345 |
Use of Acidic Fertilizers in the Band and Neutral Salts | p. 347 |
Use of Soil Test | p. 347 |
Use of Efficient Crop Species/Genotypes | p. 349 |
Conclusions | p. 351 |
References | p. 352 |
Boron | p. 359 |
Introduction | p. 359 |
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems | p. 361 |
Functions and Deficiency Symtpoms | p. 363 |
Concentration and Uptake | p. 365 |
Use Efficiency and B Harvest Index | p. 368 |
Interaction with Other Nutrients | p. 369 |
Management Practices to Maximize B Use Efficiency | p. 370 |
Appropriate Source, Methods, and Adequate Rate | p. 370 |
Use of Soil Test | p. 373 |
Use of Efficient Crop Species/Genotypes | p. 374 |
Conclusions | p. 375 |
References | p. 376 |
Molybdenum | p. 381 |
Introduction | p. 381 |
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems | p. 381 |
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms | p. 382 |
Concentration and Uptake | p. 383 |
Interaction with Other Nutrients | p. 384 |
Management Practices to Maximize Mo Use Efficiency | p. 385 |
Liming Acid Soils | p. 385 |
Use of Appropriate Source, Method, and Rate of Application | p. 385 |
Soil Test | p. 386 |
Use of Efficient Crop Species/Genotypes | p. 387 |
Conclusions | p. 387 |
References | p. 388 |
Chlorine | p. 393 |
Introduction | p. 393 |
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems | p. 394 |
Functions and Deficiency Symptoms | p. 395 |
Concentration and Uptake | p. 396 |
Interaction with Other Nutrients | p. 398 |
Management Practices to Maximize Cl Use Efficiency | p. 398 |
Use of Appropriate Source and Rate | p. 398 |
Soil Test | p. 399 |
Planting Cl-Efficient/Tolerant Plant Species/Genotypes | p. 400 |
Conclusions | p. 401 |
References | p. 401 |
Nickel | p. 405 |
Introduction | p. 405 |
Cycle in Soil-Plant Systems | p. 406 |
Functions and Deficiency/Toxicity Symptoms | p. 407 |
Concentration and Uptake | p. 408 |
Interactions with Other Nutrients | p. 410 |
Management Practices to Maximize Ni Use Efficiency and Reduce Toxicity | p. 410 |
Appropriate Source and Rate | p. 411 |
Liming Acid Soils | p. 411 |
Improving Organic Matter Content of Soils | p. 412 |
Planting Tolerant Plant Species | p. 413 |
Use of Adequate Rate of Fertilizers | p. 413 |
Use of Rhizobacterium | p. 414 |
Conclusions | p. 414 |
References | p. 415 |
Index | p. 419 |
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