Thin-Film Solar Cells

Next Generation Photovoltaics and Its Applications

By: Yoshihiro Hamakawa (Editor)

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Paperback | 27 March 2011

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The development of clean energy resources as alternatives to oiI has become one of the most important challenges for modern science and technology. The obvious motivation for these efforts is to reduce the air polIution resulting from the mass consumption of fossil fuels and to protect the ecological cycles of the biosystems on Earth. Analyses of future energy usage envision that the energy structure in the 21st century will be characterized as a "Best Mix Age" involving different renewable energy forms. Among the wide variety of renewable energy projects in progress, photo- voltaics is the most promising as a future energy technology. It is pollution- free and abundantly available everywhere in the world, even in space, and can also operate with diffuse light. However, a major barrier impeding the devel- opment of large-scale bulk power applications of photovoltaic systems is the high price of solar cell modules. Therefore, reduction of the costs of solar celIs is of prime importance. To achieve this objective, tremendous R&D efforts have been made over the past two decades in a wide variety of technical fields ranging from solar-cell materials, cell structure, and mass production pro- cesses to the photovoltaic systems themselves. As the result, about an order of magnitude cost reduction has been achieved in the past 10 years.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Environmental Science Electronics & Communications Engineering Electronics Engineering Electronic Devices & Materials Mechanical Engineering & Materials Materials Science Testing of Materials Technology in General Engineering in General Science

Physics Optical Physics Other Technologies & Applied Sciences Applied Optics Laser Technology & Holography

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Published: 23rd October 2003

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Background and Motivation for Thin-Film Solar-cell Development	p. 1
Development of Modern Civilizaiton via Energy Revolutions	p. 2
3E-Trilemma and New Energy Strategy	p. 2
Key Issues for PV Technology Developments	p. 7
Future Prospect and Roadmap for Solar Photovoltaics	p. 11
References	p. 14
Recent Advances and Future Opportunities for Thin-Film Solar Cell	p. 15
Introduction	p. 15
First-Generation Thin-Film Solar Cells	p. 16
Amorphous Silicon Alloy Solar Cells	p. 17
Multijunction Cells	p. 18
Single- and Double-Junction Cells	p. 19
Growth of a-Si:H Alloy	p. 20
Photodegradation of a-Si Solar Cells	p. 21
Technology Development	p. 23
Research Issues in a-Si: H-Based Materials and Devices	p. 24
CdTe-Based Thin-Film Solar Cells	p. 24
Device Fabrication Process	p. 24
Cell and Module Efficiency	p. 26
Technology Development	p. 26
Key Issues for Future R&D	p. 28
CuInSe₂(CIS)-Based Thin-Film Solar Cells	p. 28
Device Fabrication	p. 28
Technology Development	p. 30
Key Research Issues	p. 31
Next Generation of Thin-Film Solar Cells	p. 31
Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells	p. 31
Microcrystalline-Silicon Thin Film (µc-Si)	p. 33
Thin-Film GaAs Solar Cells	p. 33
Dye-Sensitized TiO₂ Thin-Film Solar Cells	p. 34
Novel Ternary and Multinary Compounds	p. 35
Organic Solar Cells	p. 37
Novel Approaches to High-Efficiency Thin-Film Solar Cells	p. 38
References	p. 39
Electrical and Optical Properties of Amorphous Silicon and Its Alloys	p. 43
Simplistic Model for Band-Edge Electronic Properties	p. 43
Fundamental Aspects Near the Mobility Edge	p. 43
Optical Absorption Spectrum	p. 46
Electronic Conduction	p. 52
Mobility and Band-Edge Parameters in Amorphous Silicon Alloys	p. 57
Evaluation Procedure	p. 57
Carrier Mobility in Amorphous Silicon Alloys	p. 58
Photoinduced Structural Change	p. 63
Photoinduced Changes in Electronic Properties	p. 63
Photoinduced Structural Change and Its Physical Implications	p. 63
Concluding Remarks	p. 67
References	p. 67
Preparation and Properties of Nanocrystalline Silicon	p. 69
History of Nanocrystalline Silicon	p. 69
Preparation of Nanocrystalline Silicon	p. 70
Understanding Nanocrystalline Silicon Growth	p. 72
High-Rate Growth of Nanocrystalline Silicon	p. 77
Structural Properties of Nanocrystalline Silicon	p. 79
Optical and Electrical Properties of Nanocrystalline Silicon	p. 82
References	p. 87
Key Issues for the Efficiency Improvement of Silicon-Based Stacked Solar Cells	p. 90
Principle of the Stacked Solar Cell	p. 91
An Optimum Design of the a-Si Top Cell	p. 96
Poly-Si and µc-Si Bottom-Cell Technology	p. 98
References	p. 103
Development of Amorphous-Silicon Single-Junction Solar Cells and Their Application Systems	p. 105
Introduction	p. 105
Key Technologies and Approaches Towards Large-Scale, High-Efficiency, a-Si:H Single-Junction Solar Cells	p. 106
Basic Cell Structure and Process	p. 106
Key Manufacturing Technology and Device Design	p. 107
Module Performance of a-Si:H Single-Junction Solar Cells	p. 110
Applications of Large-Scale a-Si:H Solar Modules and Systems	p. 114
Application to the Construction Material, ALC Panel Integrating a-Si:H PV Modules	p. 115
See-Through-Type a-Si:H Solar Modules	p. 116
Conclusion	p. 119
References	p. 120
The Production of a-Si:H/a-SiGe:H/a-SiGe:H Stacked Solar-Cell Modules and Their Applications	p. 121
R&D Work with Small-Area Cells	p. 121
Low-Pressure Microwave PCVD Method	p. 122
Graded-Bandgap Profiling in a-SiGe:H	p. 125
Suppression of Light-Induced Degradation and Improved Performance	p. 126
Mass Production of a-Si:H/a-SiGe:H/a-SiGe:H Stacked Solar Cells and the Product Outlines	p. 129
The Roll-to-Roll CVD Method	p. 132
Characteristics of Slab Cells and Modules	p. 134
Light-Soaking Testing	p. 136
Summary	p. 137
References	p. 137
Low-Temperature Fabrication of Nanocrystalline-Silicon Solar Cells	p. 139
Why Nanocrystalline-Silicon Solar Cells?	p. 139
Low-Temperature Process for Nanocrystalline-Silicon Solar Cells	p. 141
Substrate Technology	p. 145
Future Prospect of Nanocrystalline-Silicon Solar Cells	p. 147
References	p. 148
Mass Production of Large-Area Integrated Thin-Film Silicon Solar-Cell Module	p. 150
Introduction	p. 151
Performance and Production of a-Si Modules	p. 151
Performances and Production of a-Si/Thin-Film c-Si Hybrid Solar Module	p. 155
Future Business Plan	p. 161
References	p. 162
Properties of Chalcopyrite-Based Materials and Film Deposition for Thin-Film Solar Cells	p. 163
Cu-Chalcopyrite Compounds	p. 163
Material Properties	p. 164
Phase Diagram	p. 164
Defects and Impurities	p. 167
Alloys	p. 171
Growth Methods for Thin Films	p. 171
Vacuum Evaporation Methods	p. 173
Reactive Film Formation	p. 175
Annealing of Stacked Elemental Layers	p. 176
Epitaxy, Chemical Vapor Deposition, and Vapor Transport Processes	p. 177
Other Techniques	p. 177
References	p. 178
Development of Cu(InGa)Se₂ Thin-Film Solar Cells	p. 183
High-Efficiency Techniques	p. 183
Efficiencies of Small-Area CIGS Thin-Film Solar Cells	p. 183
In-situ Monitoring of Composition Ratio	p. 186
Buffer Layers	p. 188
Conduction Band Offset	p. 194
Flexible Substrates	p. 195
Fabrication Technologies of Large-Area CIGS-based Modules	p. 197
Introduction	p. 197
Fabrication Technologies	p. 202
Durability	p. 206
References	p. 208
Expanding Thin-Film Solar PV System Applications	p. 211
Introduction	p. 211
Comparison Between Crystalline Solar Cells and Thin-Film Solar Cells with Respect to Applications	p. 212
Applications to Electrical Devices	p. 213
Applications to Standalone Systems	p. 215
See-Through a-Si Solar Cells	p. 216
Flexible a-Si Solar Cells	p. 218
Applications for Residential Housing (Building Integrated PV Modules)	p. 219
Present Market for PV Housing	p. 219
Development BIPV Modules	p. 220
Industrialization of BIPV Modules	p. 222
Application to Semi-Large-Scale Photovoltaic Systems	p. 223
Future Prospects	p. 227
Applications of Flexible and Lightweight Modules	p. 227
Applications of BIPV Modules	p. 227
Applications of Power-Generating Use - GENESIS Project	p. 229
References	p. 230
Future Prospects for Photovoltaic Technologies in Japan	p. 231
Current Status of Photovoltaic Industrialization	p. 231
Recent Achievements of the PV R&D in the New Sunshine Project	p. 235
New Strategy and Future Prospects for PV Industry in Japan	p. 237
References	p. 240
Index	p. 241
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Thin-Film Solar Cells

Next Generation Photovoltaics and Its Applications

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