Three-Dimensional Nanoarchitectures

1. Building Three dimensional Nanostructured Devices by Self-Assembly by Steve Hu, Jeong-Hyun Cho and David H. Gracias Summary 1.1.0 The pressing need for three dimensional patterned nanofabrication 1.2.0 Self-assembly using molecular linkages 1.2.1 Three dimensional self-assembly using protein linkages 1.2.2 Three dimensional self-assembly with DNA linkages 1.3.0 Three dimensional self-assembly using physical forces 1.4.0 Three dimensional patterned nanofabrication by curving and bending nanostructures 1.4.1 Curving hingeless nanostructures using stress 1.4.2 Three dimensional nanofabrication by bending hinged panels to create patterned polyhedral nanoparticles 1.5.0 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 2. Bio-inspired Three-Dimensional Nanoarchitectures by Jian Shi and Xudong Wang 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Historical Perspective 2.3 Bio-inspired Nanophotonics 2.3.1 Photonic Crystals 2.3.2 Color Mine in Nature 2.3.3 Natural Photonic Crystals 2.4 Bio-inspired Fabrication of Nanostrctures 2.4.1 Biomineralization 2.4.2 Biological Fine Structure Duplication 2.5 Bio-inspired Functionality 2.6 Conclusion References 3. Building 3D Micro- and Nanostructures through Nanoimprint by Xing Cheng 3.1 Introduction to 3D structure fabrication through nanoimprint 3.2 Overview of nanoimprint lithography 3.2.1 Fundamentals of nanoimprint lithography 3.2.2 Materials for nanoimprint lithography] 3.3 Building 3D Nanostructures by Nanoimprint 3.3.1 Direct patterning of 3D structures in one step 3.3.1.1 Replicating 3D polymer structures from 3D templates 3.3.1.2 Applications of 3D polymer structures by one-step nanoimprint 3.3.2 Building 3D nanostructures by transfer bonding and sequential layer stacking3.3.2.1 Principles of transfer bonding and sequential layer stacking 3.3.2.2 3D structures built by transfer bonding and sequential layer stacking 3.3.2.3 Defect modes and process yield of transfer bonding and sequential layer stacking 3.3.3 Building 3D nanostructures by two consecutive nanoimprints 3.4 Summary and future outlook References 4. Electrochemical Growth of Nanostructured Materials by Jin-Hee Lim and John B. Wiley 4.1 Magnetic Nanomaterials 4.2 Semiconductor Nanostructures 4.3 Thermoelectric Nanomaterials 4.4 Conducting Polymer Nanostructures 4.5 Nanotube and Core-Shell Nanostructures 4.6 Porous Au Nanowires 4.7 Modification of Nanowires 4.8 Functionalization of Nanowires 4.9 Nanostructure Arrays on Substrates 4.10 Patterning of Nanowires Acknowledgment 5. Three dimensional micro/nanomaterials generated by fiber drawing nanomanufacturing by Zeyu Ma, Yan Hong, Shujiang Ding, Minghui Zhang, Maniul Hossain, Ming Su 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Fiber draw tower 5.3 Materials selections 5.4 Drawing process 5.5 Size design 5.6 3D assembling 5.7 Metallic nanowires 5.8 Semiconductor nanowires 5.9 Glass microchannel array 5.10 Differential etching of glasses 5.11 Glass microspike array 5.12 Hybrid glass membranes 5.13 Textured structure of encapsulated paraffin wax microfiber 5.14 Conclusions References 6.0 One-Dimensional Metal Oxide Nanostructures for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Generation by Yat Li 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation6.1.2 Challenges in Metal Oxide based PEC hydrogen generation 6.1.3 One-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Photoelectrodes 6.2 Pristine Metal Oxide Nanowire/Nanotube-Arrayed Photoelectrodes 6.2.1 Nanowire arrayed photoelectrodes 6.2.1.1 Hematite (??-Fe2O3) 6.2.1.2. Titanium Oxide (TiO2) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO)6.2.1.3. Tungsten Trioxide (WO3) 6.2.2 Nanotube arrayed photoelectrodes 6.3 Element-Doped Metal Oxide 1D Nanostructures 6.3.1 TiO2 nanostructures 6.3.2. ZnO nanostructures 6.3.3 Hematite (??-Fe2O3) nanostructures 6.4 Quantum Dot Sensitizations 6.4.1 Background 6.4.2 Quantum Dot Sensitized ZnO Nanowires 6.4.3 Quantum Dot Co-Sensitized Nanowires 6.4.4 Double-sided Quantum Dot Sensitization 6.5 Synergistic Effect of Quantum Dot Sensitization and Elemental Doping 6.6 Concluding Remarks References 7. Helical Nanostructures: Synthesis and Potential Applications by Pu-Xian Gao and Gang Liu 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Semiconductor nanohelices 7.2.1 ZnO nanohelices 7.2.1.1 Superlattice-structured ZnO nanohelices 7.2.1.2 Superelasticity, nanobuckling and non-linear electronic transport properties of superlattice-structured ZnO nanohelices 7.2.1.2.1 Superelasticity of superlattice-structured ZnO nanohelix 7.2.1.2.2 Nanobuckling and fracture of superlattice-structured ZnO nanohelix 7.2.1.2.3 Non-linear electronic transport of superlattice-structured ZnO nanohelix 7.2.1.3 Other ZnO nanohelices 7.2.4 InP nanohelices 7.2.2 SiO2 nanohelices 7.2.3 CdS nanohelices 7.2.4 InP nanohelices 7.2.5 Ga2O3 nanohelices 7.3 Carbon-related nanohelices 7.3.1 Helical carbon nanoribbon/nanocoil 7.3.2 Helical carbon nanotube 7.3.3 Tungsten-containing carbon (WC) nanospring 7.4 Other nanohelices 7.4.1 Helical SiC/SiO2 core-shell nanowires and Si3N4 microcoils 7.4.2 MgB2 nanohelices 7.4.3 Si spirals 7.5 Potential applications7.6 Summary Acknowledgement References 8. Hierarchical 3D Nanostructure Organization for Next Generation Devices by Eric N. Dattoli and Wei Lu8.1 Introduction 8.2 Fluidic Flow - Assisted Assembly 8.2.1 Drop-Drying 8.2.2 Channel-Confined Fluidic Flow 8.2.3 Blown Bubble Film Transfer 8.3 Nematic Liquid Crystal ??? Induced Assembly 8.4 Langmuir-Blodgett Assembly 8.5 Dielectrophoresis ??? Assembly 8.6 Chemical Affinity and Electrostatic Interaction - directed Assembly 8.7 Contact Transfer 8.7.1 Shear-assisted Contact Printing 8.7.2 Stamp Transfer 8.8 Directed Growth 8.8.1 Horizontal Growth 8.8.2 Vertical Growth 8.9 Device Applications 8.9.1 Thin-Film Transistor 8.9.1.1 Performance considerations for NW- or NT- based TFTs 8.9.1.2 Transparent Nanowire-based TFTs 8.9.1.3 CNT-based TFTs 8.9.2 3D, Multilayer Device Structures 8.9.3 Sensors8.9.4 Vertical Nanowire Field Effect Transistors (FETs) 8.10 Conclusion References 9. Strain-induced Self Rolled-up Semiconductor Microtube Resonators: A New Architecture for Photonic Device Applications by Xin Miao, Ik Su Chun, and Xiuling Li 9.1 Introductions 9.2 Formation Process 9.3 Photonic Applications of Rolled-up Semiconductor Tubes 9.3.1 Spontaneous emission from quantum well microtubes: intensity enhancement and energy shift 9.3.2 Optical resonance modes in rolled-up microtube ring cavity 9.3.3 Optically pumped lasing from rolled-up microtube ring cavity 10. Carbon Nanotube Arrays: Synthesis, Properties and Applications by Suman Neupane, Wenzhi Li 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Carbon Nanotube Synthesis 10.2.1 Arc discharge 10.2.2 Laser ablation 10.2.3 Electrochemical synthesis 10.2.4 Diffusion flame synthesis 10.2.5 Chemical vapor deposition 10.3 Carbon Nanotube Arrays 10.3.1 CNTA synthesis using patterned catalyst arrays 10.3.1.1 Pulsed laser deposition 10.3.1.2 Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates10.3.1.3 Reverse micelle method 10.3.1.4 Photolithography 10.3.1.5 Electrochemical etching 10.3.1.6 Sputtering 10.3.1.7 Nanosphere lithography 10.3.1.8 Sol-gel method 10.3.2 CNTA synthesis by other methods 10.3.3 Horizontal arrays of CNTs 10.4 Mechanical Properties 10.5 Thermal Properties 10.6 Electrical properties10.7 Applications of CNTs and CNTAs 10.7.1 Hydrogen storage 10.7.2 CNTs as Sensors 10.7.3 CNTs for battery and supercapacitor applications 10.7.4 CNTs for photovoltaic device 10.8 Conclusions References 11. Molecular Rotors Observed by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy by Ye-liang Wang, Qi Liu, Hai-gang Zhang, Hai-ming Guo, Hong-jun Gao Abstract 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Solution-based and surface-mounted molecule machines 11.3 Single molecular rotors at surfaces 11.3.1 A monomolecular rotor in supramolecular network 11.3.2 Gear-like rotation of molecular rotor along the edge of molecular island 11.3.3 Thermal-driven rotation on reconstructed-surface template 11.3.4 STM-driven rotation on reconstructed-surface template 11.3.5 Molecular rotors with variable rotation radii 11.3.6 Rolling motion of a single molecule at surface 11.4 Array of molecular motors at surfaces 11.5 Outlook 11.6 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 12. Nanophotonic Devices Based on ZnO Nanowires by Qing Yang and Zhong Lin Wang 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Pure optical devices based on ZnO NWs 12.2.1 ZnO NW subwavelength waveguides and their applications 12.2.2 Optical pumped lasers in ZnO NWs 12.2.3 Nonlinear optical devices based on ZnO NWs 12.3 Optoelectronic devices based ZnO NWs 12.3.1 ZnO NW ultra-sensitive UV and Infrared PDs 12.3.2 Dye-sensitized solar cells based on ZnO NWs 12.3.3 Single ZnO NW and NW array light emitting diodes12.3.4 Electrically pumped random lasing from ZnO nanorod arrays 12.4 Piezo-phototronic devices based on ZnO NWs 12.4.1 Optimizing the power output of a ZnO photocell by piezopotential 12.4.2 Enhancing Sensitivity of a Single ZnO Micro-/NW Photodetector by Piezo-phototronic effect 12.5 Conclusions References 13. Nanostructured Light Management for Advanced Photovoltaics by Jia Zhu, Zongfu Yu, Sangmoo Jeong, Ching-Mei Hsu, Shanui Fan, Yi Cui Abstract 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Fabrication of Nanowire and Nanocone Arrays 13.2.1 Method 13.2.2 Shape Control: Nanowires and Nanocones 13.2.3 Diameter and Spacing Control 13.2.4 Large Scale Process 13.3 Photon Management: Anti-reflection 13.3.1 Nanowires 13.3.2 Nanocones 13.4 Photon Management: Absorption Enhancement 13.4.1 Different Mechanisms 13.4.2 Nanodome Structures 13.5 Solar Cell performance 13.6 Fundamental Limit of Light-trapping in Nanophotonics 13.7 Summary and Outlook References 14. Highly Sensitive and Selective Gas Detection by 3D Metal Oxide Nanoarchitectures by Jiajun Chen, Kai Wang, Baobao Cao, Dr. Weilie Zhou 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Highly Sensitive Gas Detection by Standalone 3D Nanosensors 14.2.1 Metal Oxide Nanowire / Nanotube Array Gas Sensors 14.2.1.1 Nanowire Arrays 14.2.1.2 Nanotube Arrays 14.2.2 Gas Sensors Based on Opal and Inverted Opal Nanostructures 14.3 Sensor Arrays Based on 3D Nanostructured Gas Sensors 14.4 Conclusion Remarks AcknowledgementReferences 15. Quantum Dot Sensitized Three Dimensional Nanostructures for Photovoltaic Applications by Jun Wang, Xukai Xin, Daniel Vennerberg, Zhiqun Lin 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Quantum dot sensitized solar cells 15.2.1 Overview 15.2.2 Synthesis of quantum dots and surface functionalization 15.2.3 Quantum dot sensitized nanoparticle films15.2.4 Quantum dot sensitized nanowire arrays 15.2.5 Quantum dot sensitized nanotube arrays 15.2.6 Investigation of charge injection in quantum dot sensitized solar cells 15.2.6.1 Generation of excited electrons 15.2.6.2 Recombination and transportation of excited electrons 15.3 Outlook References 16. Three Dimensional Photovoltaic Devices Based on Vertically Aligned Nanowire Array by Kai Wang, Jiajun Chen, Satish Chandra Rai, and Weilie Zhou 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Photovoltaic devices based on heteroepitaxial-grown nanowire array integrated with the substrate 16.3 Photovoltaic devices based on axial nanowire array 16.4 Photovoltaic devices based on nanowire array embedded in thin film 16.5 Photovoltaic devices based on nanowire array with core-shell structure 16.5.1 P-N core-shell homojuntion photovoltaic devices 16.5.2 Type II core-shell heterojuntion photovoltaic devices 16.5.2.1 Synthesis of ZnO/ZnSe and ZnO/ZnS core-shell nanowire array 16.5.2.2 Structural and optical properties of ZnO/ZnSe core-shell nanowire array 16.5.2.3 Photoresponse of ZnO/ZnSe nanowire array 16.5.2.4 Morphologies, structure and optical properties of ZnO/ZnS nanowire array 16.5.2.5 Photovoltaic effect of ZnO/ZnS nanowire array 16.6. Summary and perspectives Acknowledgements References 17. Supercapacitors Based on 3D Nanostructrued Electrodes by Hao Zhang, Gaoping Cao, Yusheng Yang 17.1 Supercapacitors 17.2 Electrochemical double layer capacitors based on 3D Nanostructrued electrodes 17.2.1 Electrodes based on activated carbons and activated carbon fibers: powdered carbons with disordered pore structures 17.2.2 Electrodes based on carbon foams, carbon areogels, and other monolithic carbon: monolithic carbon with disordered micropores17.2.3 Electrodes based on template carbons, graphene, carbide-derived carbons, and hierarchical porous carbons: powdered carbons with high mesopore ratios or reasonable PSD 17.2.4 Electrodes based on carbon nanotubes: monolithic carbons with developed mesoporous structures 17.3 Pseudocapacitors based on 3D Nanostructrued electrodes 17.3.1 Nanostructured metal oxide electrode materials 17.3.2 Nanostructured conducting polymer electrodes materials 17.4 Hybrid capacitors based on 3D Nanostructrued electrodes 17.4.1 Nanostructured electrodes based on metal oxides/carbon composite 17.4.2 Nanostructured electrodes based on polymers/carbon composites 17.5 Conclusions and perspectives References 18. Aligned Ni Coated Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes under Magnetic Field for Coolant Applications by Haiping Hong and Mark Horton 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Experimental 18.3 Results and Discussion 18.3.1 Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids Containing Ni-coated Nanotubes 18.3.2 Evidence of Magnetic Alignment of Ni-coated Nanotubes 18.4 Conclusion 18.5 Acknowledgements References