About the Author xi
Preface xiii
1 Systemic Thinking and Complex Problem Solving 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 What Is Complexity? 1
1.3 Source of Complexity 7
1.4 Two Aspects of Complexity 8
1.5 Complexity and Societal Problems 9
1.6 Understanding and Managing Complexity 13
1.7 Managing Complexity 18
1.8 Complex Systems, Hierarchies, and Graphical Representations 26
1.9 Axiomatic Design 30
1.10 Collective Intelligence Management 36
1.11 Design Structure Matrix 49
1.12 Metrics of Complexity 62
Bibliography 71
2 Transdisciplinary Design Process 77
2.1 Introduction 77
2.2 Design 78
2.3 Design Process Models 81
2.4 Typical Steps in Engineering Design Process 84
2.5 Design Review 102
2.6 Redesign 102
2.7 Other Important Design Considerations 105
2.8 Transdiscipline 114
2.9 Transdisciplinary Domain 120
2.10 Transdisciplinary Design Process: Social Innovation through TD Collective Impact 122
2.11 Generic TD Hybrid Design Process 128
2.12 Transdisciplinary Research Process 129
Bibliography 140
3 Project Management and Product Development 145
3.1 Introduction 145
3.2 Project Management 145
3.3 Technical Management 163
3.4 Clarifying the Project Goals and Objectives 169
3.5 Decision-Making 173
3.6 Process of De?ning Customer Needs 180
3.7 Techniques and Methods for Product Development and Management 189
3.8 Cascade to Production 205
3.9 Production Process Planning and Tooling Design 206
Bibliography 214
4 Transdisciplinary Sustainable Development 221
4.1 Introduction 221
4.2 Transdisciplinary Sustainable Development 222
4.3 Contaminated Environment 227
4.4 Groundwater Sustainability 228
4.5 Soil and Groundwater Restoration 231
4.6 Occupational Safety and Health 258
4.7 Prevention through Design: Transdisciplinary Design Process 263
4.8 Environmental Degradation, Sustainable Development, and Human Well-Being 267
4.9 Ecosystems 271
4.10 Conclusion 279
Bibliography 279
5 Design for Manufacture 289
5.1 Introduction 289
5.2 Why Design for Manufacture? 289
5.3 The Six Steps in Motorola’s DFM Method 290
5.4 Lean and Agile Manufacturing 290
5.5 Design for Manufacture and Assembly Guidelines 292
5.6 Six Sigma 294
5.7 Tolerancing in Design 320
5.8 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing 321
5.9 Future of Manufacturing: Additive Manufacturing 329
Bibliography 336
6 Design Analyses for Material Selection 341
6.1 Introduction 341
6.2 General Steps in Materials Selection 342
6.3 Classi?cation of Materials 354
6.4 Material Properties 357
6.5 Analysis of Material Requirements 361
6.6 Design Analysis for Fatigue Resistance 375
6.7 Miner’s Rule: Cumulative Fatigue Damage 383
6.8 Fracture Mechanics Based Fatigue Analysis 390
6.9 Design Analysis for Composite Materials 411
6.10 Residual (Internal) Stress Considerations 422
6.11 Material Standards and Speci?cations 426
6.12 Corrosion Considerations 430
Bibliography 432
7 Statistical Decisions 441
7.1 Random Variables 441
7.2 Measures of Central Tendency 445
7.3 Measures of Variability 446
7.4 Probability Distributions 450
7.5 Sampling Distributions 456
7.6 Statistical Inference 459
7.7 Design of Experiments 471
7.8 Taguchi Methods 480
Bibliography 509
8 Risk, Reliability, and Safety 519
8.1 Introduction 519
8.2 What Is Risk? 519
8.3 Basic Mathematical Concepts in Reliability Engineering 531
8.4 Probability Distribution Functions Used in Reliability Analysis 533
8.5 Failure Modeling 540
8.6 Probability Plotting 542
8.7 Basic System Reliability 544
8.8 Failure Mode and Defects Analysis 567
8.9 Fault-Tree Analysis 574
8.10 Probabilistic Design 582
8.11 Worst-Case Design 588
Bibliography 590
9 Optimization in Design 595
9.1 Introduction 595
9.2 Mathematical Models and Optimization Methods 597
9.3 Optimization of System Reliability 620
Bibliography 630
10 Modeling and Simulation 637
10.1 Modeling in Engineering 637
10.2 Heuristic Modeling 638
10.3 Mathematical Modeling 640
10.4 Dimensional Analysis 644
10.5 Similarity Laws in Model Testing 647
10.6 Wind and Water Tunnels 649
10.7 Numerical Modeling 649
10.8 Discrete Event Simulation 658
10.9 Knowledge-Based Systems in the Design Process 660
Bibliography 667
11 Engineering Economics 671
11.1 Project/Product Cost and the Engineer 671
11.2 Cost Analysis and Control 675
11.3 Important Economic Concepts 682
11.4 Selecting an Appropriate Rate of Return 690
11.5 Evaluation of Economic Alternatives 692
Bibliography 708
12 Engineering Ethics 715
12.1 Ethics in Industry 715
12.2 Ethics and the University 716
12.3 Ethics in Engineering 717
12.4 Legal Responsibilities of Engineers 720
12.5 Codes of Ethics 722
12.6 Ethical Dilemmas 726
12.7 The NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers 729
Bibliography 734
13 Communications in Engineering 735
13.1 Introduction 735
13.2 The Formal Engineering Report 736
13.3 Proposal Preparation 748
13.4 Oral Communications 752
13.5 Oral Presentations 754
13.6 A Final Word on Communications 756
Appendix A 759
Appendix B 781
Appendix C 785
Appendix D 807
Index 811
