REVIEW 1
At A Glance
Diseases have significantly shaped the
course of the world's history. From the fourteenth-century plague to HIV/AIDS
today, diseases have fundamentally altered the shape of society, politics, and culture.
In a sweeping, thoughtful account, "Twelve Diseases That Changed Our
World" considers the history of twelve important diseases: their impact,
their consequences, their costs, and the lessons learned. Examining hemophilia,
blight, tuberculosis, cholera, smallpox, bubonic plague, influenza, malaria,
yellow fever, and syphilis, this book not only covers the diseases' histories
but also addresses public health responses and societal upheavals. Historical
perspectives on these diseases will be indispensable for a better understanding
of how we and our forbearers survived the onslaught of
"plagues" and how we might avoid their devastating
consequences in the future. Crucial to this examination is exploring how past
experiences can help us to deal effectively with "coming plagues."
Whether attempts to control outbreak successful or not, lessons can be learned
that are crucial for disease containment today. Most significantly, this book
explains the lessons learned from attempts to contain past disease outbreaks
and how that knowledge can be utilized in the future. Despite the challenge
that a major epidemic presents, "Twelve Diseases That Changed Our
World" also details various past successes in which diseases were brought
under control and social disorder was minimized.
Description
This book examines 12 important diseases
from a historical perspective. Each chapter provides a description of the
disease, its origins, symptoms, how it is acquired, treatment, control
measures, and its consequences. In these sections the author examines the
impact of disease on humans, from social perceptions and stigmatization of
those afflicted to changes in populations due to emigration and immigration.
The discussions center on periods when each disease was at its height, as
measured by either the greatest number of people affected (the plague),
political upheaval (porphyria and hemophilia), or great changes in demographics
(late blight of potato). The author also offers insights about the consequences
of each disease addressing areas of lessons learned, current status, and
chances for future outbreaks.
Purpose
The purpose is to present a historical
account of disease and its impact on society. The book examines the nature of
disease and the human response in terms of attempts to control its spread and
limit its consequences. By focusing on the past, the author sets the framework
for discussions on lessons learned so we may better understand how we may
respond to future outbreaks.
Audience
The book is intended for general readers
who have an interest in history and biology, biology students, and teachers who
wish to include more information on the history and impact of disease in their
courses. It should also be useful in microbiology courses as a supplemental
reader as 10 of 12 diseases covered are microbial pathogens. The author,
professor emeritus at the University of California, Riverside, has published
numerous scholarly papers and four books in this area.
Features
Most of the diseases are caused by
microbial pathogens, but two are genetic disorders (porphyria and hemophilia).
Historical accounts of bacterial disease include cholera, the plague, syphilis,
and tuberculosis. The impact of viral epidemics is illustrated by smallpox,
yellow fever, the 1918 influenza pandemic, and HIV. The impact of disease on a
population dependent upon subsistence farming is illustrated by the Irish
potato blight, in which the causative agent was a water mold. Interestingly,
this is also the only disease included that is not a human pathogen, but its
effects were to drastically change the demographics of the United States in the
mid-19th century. The story of the devastating effects of the protozoan
parasite which causes malaria is also told along with the efforts to control it
and it's impact on Africa. The book is well-written, but does not contain any
figures or tables, data presentation, or any illustrations.
Assessment
The book is easy to read and enjoyable.
However, it tends to repeat information from the author's previous book, The
Power of Plagues (ASM Press, 2006). Many of the diseases discussed in that book
(the plague, malaria, cholera, and syphilis, tuberculosis, and smallpox) appear
here and in familiar format. There is extensive overlap in the author's general
discussion of epidemiology or spread of disease in populations and the sections
on the basic reproductive ratio of the disease (the disease multiplier, Ro), as
well as explanations of how each disease is transmitted. However, in this book,
the author focuses more on the changes and the impact of disease upon society,
making it a nice complement to the previous work and a good read for those
interested in the whole story behind some of the world's most tumultuous times.
-Erick Snellman, PhD (The Citadel)
REVIEW 2
"Coronavirus And The Twelve Diseases
That Changed Our World
By Alex Berezow, PhD — July 29, 2020
"Twelve Diseases That Changed
Our World" was originally published in 2007 but has taken on renewed
relevance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Will the coronavirus similarly change
our world? We review the book authored by Prof. Irwin Sherman.
Modern society is far removed from the
reality of death. That was not the case for the vast majority of human history,
when parents would produce multiple offspring in the hope that a few might
survive to adulthood. Well into the 20th century, infectious diseases cut lives
tragically short, often in gruesome ways, radically transforming the course of
human history in ways that are underappreciated in textbooks.
This is the focus of a book written by
emeritus biology professor Irwin Sherman called Twelve Diseases That Changed
Our World, which was originally published in 2007 but has taken on renewed
relevance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sherman masterfully interweaves
explanations of the biology and epidemiology of the diseases with accounts,
taken from historians or eyewitnesses, that are nauseatingly descriptive.
For instance, a passage describes yellow
fever, a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes, thus: “Slowly, the
patient's skin turned yellow and patches of the inside of his mouth began to
ooze blood.” A pan was kept by the bedside to “catch the black vomit, a mixture
of blood and digestive juices.” Fevers could spike as high as 105 degrees
Fahrenheit.
This horrifying disease greatly influenced
the geopolitics of the Western Hemisphere on at least two occasions. On the
first, it scuttled Napoleon Bonaparte's plan for a North American empire after
the virus felled perhaps 50,000 French troops in Haiti who were deployed to put
down a slave rebellion. Because an invasion of the continent was contingent on
an established presence in Haiti, Napoleon gave up and sold Louisiana to the
United States. On the second occasion, France again was victimized by the
virus. Unable to complete the Panama Canal after about 22,000 workers died,
mainly from yellow fever, the French sold everything to the United States.
Colombia opposed the deal, but the Panamanians did not, so the U.S. and France
encouraged the Panamanians to revolt. Panama declared independence, and the
U.S. signed a treaty with Panama instead of Colombia.
Other infectious diseases that have left an
indelible mark on history include cholera, which led to the development of
national public health systems and to organizations like the International
Committee of the Red Cross, and malaria, which protected Rome from foreign
invaders and played a role in major wars throughout world history. Many
infectious diseases were blamed on foreigners. The French and Italians blamed
each other for syphilis, the Russians blamed the Poles, the Japanese blamed the
Chinese, and the English blamed the Spanish. Americans blamed Jews for
tuberculosis.
Of the 12 diseases Sherman discusses, two
are genetic: hemophilia and porphyria. Both affect the blood, and both caused
problems for monarchies across Europe. Porphyria, for example, may have been
responsible for the “madness” of King George III. Though it probably didn't
cause him to lose the American colonies, it likely played a role in the
(Protestant) king's oppression of Irish Catholics, and a mutual animosity
exists between them to this day.
Intriguingly, toward the end of the book,
Sherman predicts a major pandemic and describes the fallout:
"[I]t will seriously impact our
lives: hospital facilities will be overwhelmed because medical personnel will
also become sick ... reserves of vaccines and drugs will soon be depleted,
leaving most people vulnerable to infection. There will be social and economic
disruptions."
Prophetic, yes. But he was speaking of
influenza, not of COVID-19. Correct prognosis, wrong virus.
© 2020 Geopolitical Futures. Republished
with permission.
https://www.acsh.org/news/2020/07/29/coronavirus-and-twelve-diseases-changed-our-world-14941"
- American Council on Science and Health
(ACSH) (NO INDIVIDUAL REVIEWER NOTED)
