Development of Visceral Smooth Muscles | |
Early Appearance of Smooth Muscles | p. 1 |
Timing of Smooth Muscle Development | p. 3 |
Morphology of Developing Smooth Muscles | p. 8 |
Cytological Differentiation | p. 11 |
Chemical Differentiation | p. 15 |
Growth of Visceral Smooth Muscles | p. 18 |
Cell Division and Increase in Cell Number | p. 20 |
Extracellular Materials and Vascularization | p. 24 |
Origin of Smooth Muscle Precursors | p. 25 |
Influence of Endothelium, Epithelium, Connective Tissue and Nerves on Smooth Muscle Development | p. 26 |
Role of Endothelium and Epithelium | p. 26 |
Role of Mesenchymal Cells and the ExtracellularMatrix | p. 28 |
Role of Nerves | p. 28 |
Development of Mechanical Activity | p. 29 |
Related Processes of Development and Growth | p. 31 |
Synopsis | p. 32 |
References | p. 33 |
Mammalian Smooth Muscle Differentiation: Origins, Markers and Transcriptional Control | |
Introduction | p. 39 |
Smooth Muscle Cell Ontogeny | p. 40 |
Evolutionary Concepts | p. 40 |
Embryological Origins of SMC | p. 41 |
Models for Studying SMC Differentiation | p. 42 |
Molecular Definitions of Smooth Muscle Cell Lineages | p. 43 |
SMC-Restricted Markers | p. 43 |
SMC-Restricted Promoter Activity | p. 48 |
Future Perspectives | p. 50 |
References | p. 51 |
The Genetics of Murine Skeletal Muscle Biogenesis | |
Introduction | p. 61 |
The Restriction of Cell Fate and Views on Cell Determination | p. 62 |
The Somite Is a Source of Multiple Cell Types | p. 64 |
The Acquisition of Cell Fate in the Somite: Myf5 and Myod Confer Skeletal Muscle Identity | p. 67 |
Subpopulations of Stem Cells Migrate from the Somite to the Limb | p. 68 |
Extrinsic Factors Direct Cell Identity in the Somite | p. 70 |
Manipulations of the Myf5 | p. 72 |
Conclusions | p. 75 |
References | p. 75 |
Somite Patterning: a Few More Pieces of the Puzzle | |
Introduction | p. 81 |
Segmental Plate Morphology | p. 81 |
Somite Differentiation | p. 83 |
Muscle Formation | p. 83 |
Epaxial and Hypaxial Muscle Derivatives | p. 83 |
A Distinct Embryonic Origin for Epaxial and Hypaxial Muscles? | p. 85 |
Epaxial Muscle Formation | p. 85 |
Hypaxial Muscle Formation | p. 88 |
A Second Wave of Proliferative Muscle Progenitors | p. 90 |
Dermis Formation | p. 91 |
Tissue and Molecular Regulation of Somite Differentiation | p. 91 |
The Notochord and Floor Plate Exert a Ventralizing Activity on the Somite: a Role for Sonic Hedgehog? | p. 92 |
Dorsalizing Activity of Wnt Molecules in the Dorsal Ectoderm and Neural Tube | p. 94 |
Tissue and Molecular Regulation of Myogenesis: an Instructive or Permissive Process? | p. 97 |
Conclusion | p. 101 |
References | p. 102 |
Transcription Factors in Skeletal Myogenesis of Vertebrates | |
Myogenesis | p. 109 |
Determination and Differentiation of Muscle Precursor Cells | p. 110 |
MRFs | p. 110 |
Myf5 | p. 111 |
MyoD | p. 112 |
Myogenin | p. 114 |
MRF4 | p. 115 |
MEF2 | p. 115 |
Hypaxial Muscle Development | p. 116 |
Pax3 | p. 116 |
Lbxl | p. 117 |
Mox2 | p. 119 |
Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle | p. 119 |
MRFs | p. 120 |
Pax7 | p. 120 |
MNF | p. 121 |
Perspectives | p. 122 |
References | p. 122 |
Hypaxial Muscle Development | |
Introduction | p. 127 |
Developmental Anatomy of Trunk Skeletal Muscles in Amniotes | p. 128 |
Markers for Hypaxial Muscle Precursors | p. 129 |
Specification of Hypaxial Muscle Precursors | p. 131 |
Cues from the Lateral Mesoderm | p. 131 |
Cues from the Surface Ectoderm | p. 132 |
Master Regulator Pax3 | p. 133 |
Specification of Migratory Muscle Precursors | p. 133 |
Somitic Competence | p. 133 |
Localized Lateral Signals for the Recruitment of Limb Muscle Precursors | p. 134 |
The Role of Scatter Factor/Hepatocyte Growth Factor and cMet in the Delamination of Migratory Muscle Precursors | p. 135 |
The Role of Lbxl in Target Recognition of Limb Muscle Precursors | p. 136 |
Building a Regulatory Network for Hypaxial Muscle Development | p. 136 |
References | p. 137 |
Inhibition of Skeletal Muscle Development: Less Differentiation Gives More Muscle | |
Introduction | p. 143 |
Secreted Signalling Molecules | p. 145 |
Fibroblast Growth Factor Family | p. 145 |
Transforming Growth Factor ß Superfamily | p. 146 |
Extracellular Matrix | p. 149 |
Transcription Factors | p. 149 |
Notch | p. 149 |
Twist | p. 150 |
Id | p. 153 |
Msx1 | p. 155 |
Summary | p. 155 |
References | p. 156 |
Control of Muscle Size During Embryonic, Fetal, and Adult Life | |
Introduction | p. 163 |
Somite Patterning and Specification of Myogenic Cells | p. 163 |
Allocation of Cells to the Dorsal Somite Compartment | p. 166 |
Migration of Muscle Precursor Cells | p. 166 |
Balance Between Proliferation and Differentiation | p. 166 |
Muscle Growth in the Embryonic, Fetal, and Neonatal Periods of Development | p. 167 |
Embryonic and Fetal Muscle Fibers | p. 168 |
Embryonic, Fetal, and Adult Myoblasts | p. 169 |
Number of Embryonic and Fetal Myoblasts and Fiber Formation | p. 170 |
Innervation and Muscle Fiber Number and Size | p. 172 |
Muscle Hypertrophy and Regeneration | p. 174 |
Programmed Cell Death During Muscle Development | p. 177 |
Recruitment of Myogenic Cells from Adult Pluripotent Stem Cells | p. 178 |
References | p. 180 |
Cadherins in Skeletal Muscle Development | |
Cadherins | p. 187 |
Cadherin Structure and Interactions | p. 187 |
Cadherins and Catenins | p. 189 |
Cadherins in Myogenesis | p. 190 |
M-Cadherin | p. 190 |
N-Cadherin | p. 192 |
R-Cadherin | p. 193 |
Summary and Outlook | p. 194 |
References | p. 195 |
Slow Myosins in Muscle Development | |
Introduction | p. 199 |
Myosin Heavy Chain Genes | p. 199 |
Slow Myosin Heavy Chain Genes in Avian Skeletal Muscle | p. 201 |
Slow Myosin Heavy Chain Genes in Mammalian Skeletal Muscle | p. 202 |
Slow MyHC Genes in Fish Skeletal Muscle | p. 202 |
Hedgehog Family of Signaling Molecules and Slow Myosin Expression in Skeletal Muscle Development | p. 203 |
Innervation and Calcineurin Responsive Pathways and the Control of Slow MyHC Expression in Skeletal Muscle | p. 204 |
Slow MyHC Expression in the Developing Heart | p. 207 |
Summary | p. 210 |
References | p. 210 |
Molecular Characterization of Early Cardiac Development | |
Introduction | p. 215 |
Molecular Control of Heart Field and Tubular Heart Formation | p. 216 |
Conserved Regulatory Circuits Control Heart Field Formation in Insects and Vertebrates | p. 216 |
Heart Field Formation in Vertebrates | p. 216 |
Heart Formation in Insects | p. 216 |
Nkx Homeobox Genes | p. 217 |
GATA Genes | p. 218 |
Hypoblast and Anterior Endoderm Are Involved in Myocardial Specification and Differentiation | p. 219 |
Identification of Signalling Molecules Involved in Cardiac Specification and Differentiation | p. 220 |
The Role of BMP2 | p. 220 |
Other Cardiogenic Signals | p. 222 |
Wnt Signals Interfere with Heart Formation in Vertebrates | p. 222 |
FGF Cooperates with BMP2 | p. 223 |
Cerberus | p. 223 |
Cripto | p. 224 |
Heart Tube Formation | p. 224 |
Molecular Control of Cardiac Chamber Formation | p. 225 |
| p. 225 |
Cell-Cell Interaction in Chamber Formation | p. 226 |
Popeye Genes-a Novel Family of Muscle-Restricted Genes | p. 228 |
References | p. 230 |
Subject Index | p. 239 |
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