Visual Science and Engineering

Models and Applications

By: D.H. Kelly

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Hardcover | 30 March 1994 | Edition Number 1

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448 Pages

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23.4 x 15.6 x 2.54

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This unique volume examines a broad spectrum of the latest topics in visual science -- relating basic studies to practical applications and delineating points of intersection among the various disciplines that study the mechanisms of vision. Offering the authoritative contributions of international experts, Visual Science and Engineering contains valuable editorial background notes in each chapter that clarify the presentation and enhance the book's fluid style ... discusses the Purkinje-image eyetracker ... elucidates the principles of high-definition television ... covers the role of stabilized-image technology in revealing how eye movements control both luminous and chromatic perceptions ... explores the multiplexing processes in the visual system that create interactions among the three basic dimensions of vision ... explains the molecular genetics of cone pigments ... treats portable, device-independent color reproduction in both rotogravure and desktop publication ... gives insight into future developments in sophisticated coding for real-time displays based on a deeper understanding of visual processes ... and more. Generously referenced and illustrated, Visual Science and Engineering is an invaluable resource for optical engineers and physicists, imaging scientists, psychologists, physiologists, and graduate-level students in these disciplines. Book jacket.

Industry Reviews

"Acclaim for Visual Science and Engineering . . .an informative retrospective look that offers human insights as well as technical discussion." ---Color Research and Application "This unique volume examines a broad spectrum of the latest topics in visual science. . . . . .will earn a place on every advanced workers' bookshelf." ---Optik: International Journal for Light and Electron Optics ." . .an interesting and readable book." ---Optics & Photonics News ." . .essential for all optometry students and practising ophthalmic clinicians." ---Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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About the Series	p. iii
Preface	p. v
Contributors	p. xvii
Introduction to Chapter 1	p. 1
Optics in Vision	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
The Schematic Eye	p. 4
The Lens	p. 6
The Pupil	p. 7
Imaging	p. 8
Linear and Nonlinear Systems	p. 11
References	p. 12
Introduction to Chapter 2	p. 13
The Purkinje Image Eyetracker, Image Stabilization, and Related Forms of Stimulus Manipulation	p. 15
Introduction	p. 15
Dual Purkinje Image Principle	p. 18
Formation of the Purkinje Images	p. 18
Movement of the Purkinje Images	p. 20
Two-Dimensional Eyetracker	p. 22
First Usable Instrument (Generation II)	p. 22
First Production Instrument (Generation III)	p. 28
Major Improvements in Ease of Use (Generation IV)	p. 36
Final SRI Design (Generation V)	p. 38
Improvements by Fourward Technologies (Generation V.5)	p. 47
Two- and Three-Dimensional Stimulus Deflector	p. 48
Evolution of the Three-Dimensional Stimulus Deflector	p. 48
Performance	p. 55
Image Stabilization	p. 56
Adjusting the Gains	p. 57
Selective Stabilization	p. 58
Scotoma Simulator	p. 60
Scotoma Systems	p. 61
Final Design	p. 66
Optometer	p. 69
Optometer Principles	p. 69
Optometer Range	p. 72
Three-Dimensional Eyetracker	p. 73
Optometer Input Path	p. 74
Optometer Output Path	p. 76
Optical Isolation Between the Two Instruments	p. 77
Electronic Isolation of the Instruments	p. 77
ERI Laser Photocoagulator	p. 77
Input Illumination	p. 78
Binocular Viewing System	p. 78
Input Laser Source	p. 80
Fundus Illumination and Monitoring Instrument (FIMI)	p. 80
Relay Lens Pair	p. 82
Single-Axis Mirrors in Series	p. 83
Merging the Eyetracker, Stabilizer, and Coagulator	p. 84
Stabilized Input and Output	p. 86
Stabilized Laser Doppler Blood Flow Measurement	p. 86
Patents	p. 88
References	p. 88
Introduction to Chapter 3	p. 91
Eye Movements and Contrast Sensitivity	p. 93
Eye Movements as Artifacts	p. 94
The Disappearance of Sine-Wave Gratings	p. 95
Synthetic Eye Movement Effects	p. 97
Spatiotemporal Contrast Sensitivity	p. 99
Modeling Contrast Sensitivity Surfaces	p. 103
Chromatic Contrast Sensitivity	p. 106
Disappearance of Chromatic Gratings	p. 110
References	p. 113
Introduction to Chapter 4	p. 115
Chromatic-Achromatic Multiplexing in Human Color Vision	p. 117
Introduction	p. 117
Distinction Between Chromatic and Achromatic Phenomena	p. 118
Channel Independence in Zone Theory	p. 119
Color Summation and Color Opponency: Simple Sensor Fundamentals	p. 121
Spatial Frequency	p. 123
Orientation	p. 123
Model of Spatiotemporal Chromatic-Achromatic Multiplexing	p. 127
Simulation of Chromatic and Achromatic Specificity of Cortical Cells	p. 130
Three Stages of the Simulation	p. 130
Results	p. 134
Multiplexing and Current Spatial Models	p. 141
Relationships with Psychophysics	p. 147
Chromatic-Temporal Interactions	p. 148
Chromatic and Achromatic Spatiotemporal Threshold Surfaces	p. 148
Luminous Efficiency and Unique Yellow Location	p. 150
Multiplexing Applied to Chromatic Boundaries: Stereopsis	p. 151
Minimum Grating Measurements	p. 160
Chromatic and Achromatic Afterimages	p. 165
Generalization of Multiplexing	p. 171
Application of Multiplexing to Compression of Digital Color Images	p. 174
Summary	p. 178
Appendix	p. 179
References	p. 183
Introduction to Chapter 5	p. 189
Time, Color, and Phase	p. 191
Introduction	p. 191
Sensitivity to Chromatic Flicker	p. 193
Residual Brightness Responses to Heterochromatic Flicker	p. 195
Phase Shifts Between Cone Inputs	p. 197
Modeling PC and MC Mechanisms in Terms of Cone Responses	p. 200
Example: Incorporation of Cone Responses into a Model for the PC Mechanism	p. 203
Modeling Phase Shifts in the PC and MC Mechanisms	p. 205
Physiological Correlates of Psychophysical PC and MC Mechanisms	p. 208
On Beyond Flicker: Heterochromatic Impulse Responses	p. 212
Summary	p. 215
Appendix	p. 216
References	p. 221
Introduction to Chapter 6	p. 227
The Molecular Genetics of Human Color Vision: From Nucleotides to Nanometers	p. 229
Basic Concepts	p. 229
Trichromatic Vision	p. 229
Molecular Genetics	p. 230
Color Vision Biochemistry	p. 232
Molecular Biology of Color Vision	p. 233
Rhodopsin	p. 233
The S Pigment Opsin	p. 233
The L and M Pigment Genes	p. 235
Color Vision Polymorphism	p. 237
"Normal" Human Color Vision	p. 237
"Normal" Color Vision in Other Primates	p. 237
Psychophysical Evidence in Humans	p. 237
Molecular Genetic Evidence in Humans	p. 239
Color-Defective Vision	p. 242
Red/Green Color Vision Defects	p. 242
Yellow/Blue and Achromatic Color-Defective Vision	p. 248
Tritanopia	p. 249
Summary and Conclusions	p. 251
Glossary	p. 252
References	p. 263
Introduction to Chapter 7	p. 267
Circular Targets and How They Grew	p. 269
An Engineering Approach	p. 270
Bessel Functions	p. 270
Sine-Wave Versus J[subscript 0] Data	p. 271
One-Dimensional Versus Two-Dimensional Transforms	p. 272
Orientation Selectivity	p. 274
Retinal Inhomogeneity	p. 276
Sine-Wave Patches	p. 277
Annular Sinusoidal Targets	p. 278
The Inhomogeneous Spread Function Model	p. 278
Circular FM Targets	p. 280
Canonical Contrast Sensitivity Functions	p. 282
Motion in Depth	p. 284
Spatiochromatic Interactions	p. 286
Opponent-Color Receptive Fields	p. 287
References	p. 288
Introduction to Chapter 8	p. 291
Topographical Mapping in Primate Visual Cortex: History, Anatomy, and Computation	p. 293
Introduction	p. 293
History of Topographic Mapping	p. 294
Preclassical Period	p. 294
Classical Period	p. 295
Middle Period	p. 298
Modern Period	p. 302
Mathematical Modeling of V-1 Spatial Architecture	p. 305
One-Dimensional Models	p. 305
Two-Parameter Fit to the Cortical Map Function: The Complex Logarithm	p. 306
Application of Conformal Mapping to Cortical Topography	p. 313
Application to Visual Cortex: Computer Simulation Via Texture Mapping	p. 316
Numerical Conformal Mapping of 2DG Computer-Flattened Cortex	p. 316
Corrections to the Archival Literature on Cortical Topography	p. 329
Higher Dimensional Models	p. 331
Psychophysical-Anatomical Homology	p. 335
Machine Vision	p. 339
Vertical-Horizontal Pyramids	p. 339
Computational Function and Cortical Architecture	p. 341
Conclusion	p. 349
Appendix	p. 351
References	p. 353
Introduction to Chapter 9	p. 361
Color Science and the Graphic Arts	p. 363
Introduction	p. 363
Deficiencies of Conventional Processes	p. 367
A Better Way	p. 369
Implications of the Four Assumptions	p. 370
Some Troublesome Details	p. 371
The Scanner	p. 371
The Display	p. 372
The Printer	p. 373
Editorial Corrections	p. 373
Nonprintable Colors	p. 374
The Black Printer	p. 375
The Providence Project	p. 376
Electronics for Imaging	p. 377
Conclusion	p. 383
References	p. 383
Introduction to Chapter 10	p. 385
Real-Time Display Systems, Present and Future	p. 387
Introduction	p. 387
Field of View, Sharpness, and Resolution	p. 390
Display Aspect Ratio	p. 394
Number of Pixels Required for a Given Sharpness	p. 395
Scanning Process and Line Flicker	p. 399
Matrix Displays	p. 402
Area Flicker	p. 404
Color	p. 406
Contrast Ratio	p. 407
Conclusion	p. 409
References	p. 412
Afterword	p. 415
Index	p. 417
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Visual Science and Engineering

Models and Applications

At a Glance

Hardcover

Industry Reviews

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

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