| Contributors | p. XVII |
| Preface | p. XXI |
| Vitamin E | |
| Introduction | p. 2 |
| Vitamin E Structures and Function | p. 3 |
| Absorption, Transport, and Distribution to Tissues | p. 4 |
| The [alpha]-Tocopherol Transfer Protein | p. 6 |
| Regulation of Vitamin E Metabolism and Excretion | p. 8 |
| Implications for Humans Supplementing with Vitamin E | p. 14 |
| Conclusion | p. 16 |
| References | p. 16 |
| Structure and Function of [alpha]-Tocopherol Transfer Protein: Implications for Vitamin E Metabolism and AVED | |
| Introduction | p. 24 |
| Structure of [alpha]-TTP | p. 29 |
| Mutations Associated with AVED | p. 34 |
| Summary | p. 39 |
| References | p. 40 |
| The [alpha]-Tocopherol Transfer Protein | |
| Introduction | p. 46 |
| Identification of TTP | p. 47 |
| TTP and Vitamin E Status: Ataxia with Vitamin E Deficiency | p. 48 |
| TTP and Vitamin E Status: TTP[superscript -/-] Mice | p. 51 |
| Biochemical Activities of TTP | p. 51 |
| Physiological Activities of TTP | p. 53 |
| Three-Dimensional Structure of TTP | p. 56 |
| Selective Retention of RRR-[alpha]-TOH and the Evolutionary Origins of TTP | p. 58 |
| Epilogue | p. 60 |
| References | p. 60 |
| Molecular Associations of Vitamin E | |
| Introduction | p. 68 |
| Physical Properties of Vitamin E | p. 70 |
| Interaction of Vitamin E with Lipids in Monolayers | p. 70 |
| Interaction of Vitamin E with Phospholipid Bilayer Membranes | p. 73 |
| Distribution and Orientation of Vitamin E in Phospholipid Membranes | p. 74 |
| Motion of Vitamin E in Lipid Assemblies | p. 76 |
| Effect of Vitamin E on Phospholipid Phase Behavior | p. 77 |
| Effect of Vitamin E on the Structure of Phospholipid Model Membranes | p. 79 |
| Phase Separation of Vitamin E in Phospholipid Mixtures | p. 85 |
| Effect of Vitamin E on Membrane Permeability | p. 88 |
| Effect of Vitamin E on Membrane Stability | p. 89 |
| Domains Enriched in Vitamin E in Membranes | p. 91 |
| Effect of Vitamin E on Membrane Protein Function | p. 92 |
| Conclusions | p. 93 |
| References | p. 93 |
| Studies in Vitamin E: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Tocopherol Quinones | |
| Introduction | p. 100 |
| Redox Cycling and Arylating Properties of Tocopherol Quinones | p. 103 |
| Identification and Analysis of Tocopherols, Quinones, and Adducts | p. 108 |
| Arylating Tocopherol Quinones and the Unfolded Protein Response | p. 111 |
| Tocopherol Quinones and Mutagenesis | p. 112 |
| Specificity of Phenolic Antioxidant Precursors in Tocopherol Biology | p. 113 |
| Natural Abundance of Tocopherols and Its Effects on Biology | p. 118 |
| References | p. 122 |
| Vitamin E and NF-[kappa]B Activation: A Review | |
| Introduction | p. 136 |
| Nuclear Factor-[kappa]B | p. 137 |
| In Vitro Studies | p. 138 |
| In Vivo Studies | p. 142 |
| Mechanisms by Which Vitamin E May Inhibit NF-[kappa]B Activation | p. 143 |
| Is the Inhibition of NK-[kappa]B Activation Necessary for Some of the Activities of Vitamin E? | p. 145 |
| Summary | p. 145 |
| References | p. 145 |
| Synthesis of Vitamin E | |
| Introduction | p. 156 |
| Synthesis of (all-rac)-[alpha]-Tocopherol | p. 156 |
| Preparation of Optically Active Tocopherols | p. 165 |
| Synthesis of Tocotrienols | p. 188 |
| References | p. 194 |
| Tocotrienols: The Emerging Face of Natural Vitamin E | |
| Historical Developments and the Vitamin E Family | p. 204 |
| Biosynthesis of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols | p. 206 |
| Changing Trends in Vitamin E Research | p. 208 |
| Unique Biological Functions of Tocotrienols | p. 210 |
| Natural Sources of Tocotrienols | p. 212 |
| Bioavailability of Oral Tocotrienols | p. 213 |
| Biological Functions | p. 217 |
| Conclusion | p. 247 |
| References | p. 248 |
| Vitamin E Biotransformation in Humans | |
| Introduction | p. 264 |
| The Fate of Vitamin E from Ingestion to Excretion | p. 264 |
| Biotransformation and Metabolism of Vitamin E as Bioactivation Processes | p. 266 |
| References | p. 277 |
| [alpha]-Tocopherol Stereoisomers | |
| Introduction | p. 283 |
| Sources of Tocopherol, Nomenclature, and Bioactivity | p. 284 |
| Analytical Methods for Separation of [alpha]-Tocopherol Stereoisomers | p. 288 |
| Bioavailability and Secretion into Milk | p. 293 |
| [alpha]-Tocopherol-Binding Protein ([alpha]-TTP) | p. 303 |
| Conclusions | p. 305 |
| References | p. 305 |
| Addition Products of [alpha]-Tocopherol with Lipid-Derived Free Radicals | |
| Introduction | p. 310 |
| Addition Products of [alpha]-Tocopherol with Methyl Linoleate-Derived Free Radicals | p. 311 |
| Addition Products of [alpha]-Tocopherol with PC-Peroxyl Radicals in Liposomes | p. 314 |
| Addition Products of [alpha]-Tocopherol with CE-Peroxyl Radicals | p. 317 |
| Detection of the Addition Products of [alpha]-Tocopherol with Lipid-Peroxyl Radicals in Biological Samples | p. 318 |
| References | p. 324 |
| Vitamin E and Apoptosis | |
| Introduction | p. 330 |
| Vitamin E and Vitamin E Derivatives | p. 331 |
| Vitamin E Antioxidant Potency | p. 334 |
| Vitamin E as an Anticancer Agent | p. 336 |
| Apoptosis | p. 339 |
| Vitamin E Suppression of Apoptosis | p. 341 |
| Vitamin E-Induced Apoptosis | p. 342 |
| Conclusion | p. 348 |
| References | p. 348 |
| Vitamin E During pre- and Postnatal Periods | |
| Introduction | p. 358 |
| Prenatal Transfer of Vitamin E | p. 359 |
| Postnatal Transfer of Vitamin E | p. 364 |
| Vitamin E in Critical Situations | p. 366 |
| References | p. 368 |
| [alpha]-Tocopherol: A Multifaceted Molecule in Plants | |
| Introduction | p. 376 |
| Occurrence and Antioxidant Function of [alpha]-Tocopherol in Plants | p. 377 |
| Photoprotective Function of [alpha]-Tocopherol in Plants | p. 380 |
| [alpha]-Tocopherol and the Stability of Photosynthetic Membranes | p. 383 |
| Role of [alpha]-Tocopherol in Cellular Signaling | p. 383 |
| Have the Functions of Tocopherols Been Evolutionary Conserved? | p. 385 |
| Future Perspectives | p. 387 |
| References | p. 387 |
| Vitamin E and Mast Cells | |
| Introduction | p. 394 |
| Cellular Effects of Vitamin E in Mast Cells | p. 397 |
| Preventive Effects of Vitamin E on Diseases with Mast Cell Involvement | p. 406 |
| Summary | p. 409 |
| References | p. 410 |
| Tocotrienols in Cardioprotection | |
| Introduction | p. 420 |
| A Brief History of Vitamin | p. 420 |
| Vitamin E, Now and Then | p. 421 |
| Tocotrienols versus Tocopherols | p. 423 |
| Sources of Tocotrienols | p. 426 |
| Tocotrienols in Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Activity | p. 426 |
| Tocotrienols and Cardioprotection | p. 427 |
| Atherosclerosis | p. 427 |
| Tocotrienols in Ischemic Heart Disease | p. 429 |
| Summary and Conclusion | p. 430 |
| References | p. 430 |
| Vitamin E and Cancer | |
| Basic Information About Vitamin E | p. 436 |
| Intervention Trials | p. 441 |
| Preclinical Studies | p. 443 |
| Anticancer Mechanisms of Action of Vitamin E-Based Compounds | p. 446 |
| What About Vitamin E Supplementation and Cancer Survivorship? | p. 453 |
| Conclusions | p. 453 |
| References | p. 454 |
| Vitamin E Analogues and Immune Response in Cancer Treatment | |
| Introduction | p. 464 |
| Vitamin E Analogues as Anticancer Agents | p. 466 |
| Vitamin E Analogues as Adjuvants in Cancer Chemotherapy | p. 473 |
| Immunological Inducers of Apoptosis: Mechanisms and Clinical Application in Cancer | p. 473 |
| Targeting Immune Surveillance | p. 481 |
| Conclusions | p. 483 |
| References | p. 483 |
| The Roles of [alpha]-Vitamin E and Its Analogues in Prostate Cancer | |
| Introduction | p. 494 |
| Family Members, Source, and Proper Supplemental Dose of Vitamin E | p. 495 |
| General Physiological Function of Vitamin E | p. 496 |
| Vitamin E Absorption and Transport | p. 497 |
| [alpha]-Vitamin E-Binding Proteins | p. 498 |
| Vitamin E and Diseases | p. 501 |
| [alpha]-Vitamin E Function in Prostate Cancer: Clinical Studies | p. 501 |
| [alpha]-Vitamin E Function in Prostate Cancer: Animal Studies | p. 506 |
| [alpha]-Vitamin E in Prostate Cancer: Molecular Mechanism Studies in Cancer Cells | p. 507 |
| Summary and Perspectives | p. 510 |
| References | p. 512 |
| Vitamin E: Inflammation and Atherosclerosis | |
| Introduction | p. 520 |
| Inflammation and Atherosclerosis | p. 521 |
| Vitamin E | p. 522 |
| Animal Studies | p. 523 |
| Intervention Studies | p. 530 |
| Other Forms of Vitamin E | p. 531 |
| Tocotrienols | p. 536 |
| Hypocholesterolemic Effect | p. 537 |
| Antiinflammatory Effects | p. 541 |
| Antioxidant Effect | p. 541 |
| Mechanism of Action and Future Direction | p. 542 |
| Conclusion | p. 542 |
| References | p. 543 |
| Vitamin E in Chronic Liver Diseases and Liver Fibrosis | |
| Fibrosis in Chronic Liver Diseases | p. 552 |
| Oxidative Stress, Chronic Liver Disease, and Liver Fibrosis | p. 554 |
| References | p. 567 |
| Index | p. 575 |
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