Water Management

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments 
Units and Conversions


Chapter 1: Introduction
1. The Great Acceleration and the Just Transition
2. The Centrality of Water
-2.1. Water and the Human Spirit
-2.2. Water as a Human Right
-2.3. Water Use
-2.4. Water as a Resource
-2.5. Water and Global Development
-2.6. The Water-Energy Nexus
-2.7. Water and Ecosystems
3. The Water Hard Path and the Global Water Crisis
4. A Water Ethic: Justice and Sustainability
-4.1 Justice
-4.2 Sustainability
5. How We Get There: Infrastructure, Institutions, Incentives, and Information


PART I: Water Availability and Use: Supply and Demand, Scarcity and Change

Chapter 2: Water Availability: Spatial and Temporal Variability
1. Global Stocks and Flows
2. Spatial Variation in Water Availability
3. Temporal Variation in Water Availability
-3.1. Hydrographs
-3.2. Flow Duration Curves
-3.3. Flood Frequency Analysis
-3.4. Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves
4. Drought
-4.1. Defining Drought
-4.2. Causes of Drought
-4.3. The Great Drought and the Dust Bowl: The Role of Management
-4.4. Paleoclimatology and Megadroughts

Chapter 3: Global and Local Change: The End of Stationarity
1. Climate Change
-1.1. Theory and Prediction
-1.2. Observation
-1.3. Indirect Effects
2. Land-Use Change
-2.1. Deforestation: Watershed Effects
-2.2. Deforestation: Impacts on Precipitation
-2.3. Managing Forests for Water Supply
-2.4. Desertification
-2.5. Urbanization
3. Managing Change

Chapter 4: Water Use: From Ancient to Modern Times
1. Premodern Agriculture
-1.1. Large-River Irrigation
-1.2. Small-River Irrigation
-1.3. Runoff Farming
-1.4. Groundwater Use
-1.5. Wetlands and Springs
-1.6. Water Storage
2. Premodern Urban Water Supply
3. Modern Water Management
-3.1. The Hard Path
-3.2. US Water Management: From Hard to Soft
-3.3. Water in the Global Development Agenda
4. Water Use in the Modern Era: A Quantitative Analysis
-4.1. Definitions
-4.2. Water Footprints
-4.3. Global and US Water Use

Chapter 5: Water Scarcity and Depletion: Are We Reaching the Limits of Our Supply?
1. Scarcity Indicators
-1.1. Falkenmark and WTA Indicators
-1.2. Incorporating Environmental Flows
-1.3. Utility Shortage
-1.4. Economic Water Scarcity
2. Assessing Water Scarcity
3. Surface Water Depletion
-3.1. Shrinking Lakes
-3.2. River Depletion and Altered Flow Regimes
4. Groundwater Use and Overuse
-4.1. Groundwater Pumping
-4.2. The Extent of Groundwater Depletion
-4.3. Groundwater Depletion in California's Central Valley
5. Managing Water Scarcity


PART II: Instream Water Management: Rivers and Dams, Flooding and Hydropower

Chapter 6: Instream Uses: Navigation, Hydropower, Fishing, and Recreation
1. Navigation
2. Water Power
-2.1. History of Water Power
-2.2. Hydroelectric Power
-2.3. Hydropower: Renewable Energy?
-2.4. Sustainable Hydropower
3. Fishing
4. Recreation

Chapter 7: Flood Management: Learning to Live With "Too Much" Water
1. Types of Floods
2. Flooding Impacts and Trends
3. Flood Hazard
4. Flood Exposure
5. Flood Vulnerability
-5.1. Structural Flood Control
-5.2. The Levee Effect: The Illusion of Dryness
-5.3. Benefit-Cost Analysis
6. The Way Forward
-6.1. Building in Floodplains: The Problem
-6.2. The NFIP: The Solution?
-6.3. Buyouts and Managed Retreat

Chapter 8: Water Quality and the Clean Water Act
1. Water Quality and Health
2. The Clean Water Act
-2.1. Addressing Chemical Pressures
-2.2. Defining and Meeting Water Quality Goals
-2.3. Incorporating Nonchemical Stressors
-2.4. Effectiveness of the Clean Water Act
3. Other US Environmental Laws

Chapter 9: Dams and Their Discontents: Are the Benefits Worth the Costs?
1. Dam Basics
-1.1. Types of Dams
-1.2. Dam Components and Terminology
-1.3. Managing Reservoirs for Multiple Purposes
-1.4. Reservoir Storage-Yield Relationships
2. The Dam Debate: The Changing Attitudes of the Past Century
-2.1. The Dam-Building Era(s)
-2.2. From Zeal to Skepticism in the Twentieth Century
-2.3. The World Commission on Dams and Its Aftermath
3. Snapshot of US and Global Dams
-3.1. How Many Dams Are There?
-3.2. What Are Dams Used For, and Who Manages Them?
-3.3. How Has Storage Volume Changed Over Time?
4. Ecological Impacts of Dams
5. Social Impacts of Dams
-5.1. Population Displacement
-5.2. Dam Safety
6. Building the Right Dams and Managing Them the Right Way
-6.1. Building Better Dams
-6.2. Managing Dams Better
7. Dam Removal
8. Aqueducts


PART III: Water Governance: Allocation and Reallocation, Cooperation and Conflict

Chapter 10: Water Allocation: Sharing the Common Pool
1. Water as a Common-Pool Resource
-1.1. Economic Efficiency in Water Allocation
-1.2. CPRs and the Tragedy of the Commons
-1.3. Ostrom and Community Management
2. Water Allocation in the United States
-2.1. The Riparian Doctrine
-2.2. Regulated Riparianism
-2.3. Prior Appropriation
-2.4. Groundwater Allocation
-2.5. Reserved Rights
-2.6. Interstate Water Allocation

Chapter 11: Reallocation and Coordination for Improved Water Governance
1. Reallocation for Cities, Tribes, and the Environment
-1.1. Water Markets
-1.2. Negotiating Ag-to-Urban Reallocation
-1.3. Environmental Flow Requirements
-1.4. Legal Tools for EFRs
-1.5. WaterBack: Decolonizing Water Management
2. Coordination and Planning
-2.1. State Coordination and Planning
-2.2. Interstate Coordination and Planning

Chapter 12: Transboundary Water Management: Conflict and Cooperation
1. Introduction to Water Conflict
2. International Basins and Aquifers
-2.1. The Extent of Transboundary Waters
-2.2. International Law of Transboundary Waters
-2.3. Water Wars or Water Peace?
-2.4. Drivers of Water Conflict
-2.5. Building Institutional Resilience
3. Nonstate Water Conflicts

PART IV: Offstream Water Use: Cities and Farms, Mines and Factories

Chapter 13: Beyond Dams: Old and New Solutions for Water Supply
1. Desalination
2. Wastewater Reuse
3. Water Harvesting
4. Aquifer Storage
5. Energy for Water Supply
6. Summary

Chapter 14: Drinking Water, Sanitation, and Health: Water 3.0
1. Water and Infectious Disease
2. History of Urban Water and Sanitation
-2.1. Ancient and Medieval Sanitation and Drainage
-2.2. Epidemics and the Sanitary Revolution
-2.3. The American Experience
3. Water 3.0: Drinking Water and Sanitation in the US
-3.1. Defining Safe Drinking Water
-3.2. Source Protection
-3.3. Water Treatment
-3.4. The Distribution System
-3.5. Urban Sanitation
-3.6. Combined Sewers
-3.7. Rural Sanitation
4. Evaluating Water 3.0
-4.1. Health Effects
-4.2. Disparities in Access
-4.3. Utility Structure
-4.4. The Rise of Bottled Water
-4.5. The Problem of Linear Flows

Chapter 15: Urban Water Management: Water Conservation, Stormwater Management, and Beyond
1. Defining and Achieving Reliability
2. Conservation
-2.1. How Much Do We Use?
-2.2. Tools for Conservation
3. Pricing
-3.1. Cost Recovery
-3.2. Conservation
-3.3. Affordability
-3.4. Rate Structures
4. Reuse and Decentralization
5. Urban Stormwater Management
-5.1. Stormwater and the Urban Stream Syndrome
-5.2. Urban Stream Restoration
-5.3. Legal and Financial Tools for Stormwater Management

Chapter 16: Water, Sanitation, and Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Leaving No One Behind
1. Water and Sustainable Development
-1.1. The Burdens of Inadequate WASH
-1.2. WASH Goals
2. Drinking Water
-2.1. From Goals to Indicators
-2.2. Where We Stand
-2.3. Affordability
3. Sanitation
-3.1. Sanitation Solutions
-3.2. From Goals to Indicators
-3.3. Where We Stand
4. Hygiene
5. The Way Forward
6. WASH Funding
-6.1 Tariffs
-6.2 Taxes
-6.3 Transfers

Chapter 17: Industrial Water Use: Our Invisible Water Footprints
1. Water for Energy
-1.1. Water for Electricity
-1.2. Water for Transportation
-1.3. Pollution from Energy Production
2. Water for Manufacturing
-2.1. Direct Water Use
-2.2. Upstream and Downstream Water Use
-2.3. Pollution from Manufacturing
3. Water and Mining
4. Corporate Water Stewardship

Chapter 18: Agricultural Water Use: Water's Central Role in Our Food Supply
1. From the Green Revolution to Sustainable Intensification
2. Water and Agriculture: Overview
-2.1. Water Use in Global Agriculture
-2.2. How Much Agricultural Water Do We Need?
3. What We Eat
-3.1. Water Footprints of Various Foods
-3.2. Animal Products: A Closer Look
-3.3. Sustainability of Blue Water Use
4. Where We Grow It
5. How We Use Water
-5.1. Irrigation
-5.2. Rainfed Agriculture
6. Pollution
-6.1. Salinization
-6.2. Nutrient Pollution from Croplands
-6.3. Pollution from Animal Feeding Operations


Abbreviations
Glossary
About the Author
References
Index