Preface | p. v |
An Introduction to Wetlands in the Tropics | p. 1 |
Definitions of Wetlands | p. 1 |
Geographic Distribution of Tropical Natural Wetlands | p. 3 |
Adoption to the Tropical Environment | p. 5 |
Constructed Wetlands in Tropical Climates | p. 6 |
Examples of Applications | p. 11 |
The Tropical Environment | p. 13 |
Population and Food Production | p. 13 |
Demographics changes | p. 15 |
The rural economy | p. 15 |
Agriculture | p. 16 |
Changing Environments | p. 18 |
Water resources | p. 18 |
Water scarcity | p. 20 |
Environmental Degradation | p. 22 |
Access to safe water and pollution | p. 22 |
Wastewaters | p. 23 |
Protecting the Environment | p. 25 |
Wastewater management | p. 25 |
Integrated water resources management (IWRM) | p. 26 |
The role of government agencies and society | p. 28 |
Pollutants and Wetland Treatment | p. 29 |
Wetland Treatment Process | p. 29 |
Introduction | p. 29 |
Types of wetlands | p. 30 |
Wetland configuration | p. 31 |
Wetland hydrology | p. 34 |
Soils in the wetland | p. 35 |
Wedand vegetation | p. 37 |
Role of wetland vegetation in the treatment process | p. 38 |
Pollutants and Their Transformations | p. 39 |
Biodegradable organics | p. 39 |
Suspended solids | p. 41 |
Nitrogen | p. 42 |
Phosphorus | p. 44 |
Sulfur | p. 45 |
Wetland Plant Dynamics | p. 47 |
Types of Macrophytes and Factors Affecting Their Growth | p. 47 |
Introduction | p. 47 |
Submergent macrophytes | p. 47 |
Emergent macrophytes | p. 49 |
Floating and floating-leave macrophytes | p. 49 |
Factors affecting macrophyte growth | p. 51 |
Effect of harvesting in wedands | p. 53 |
The emission of greenhouse gases in the tropical wetlands | p. 54 |
Role of Macrophytes in Wedands | p. 56 |
Plant Physiology | p. 61 |
Case Study on Growth Characteristics of Wetland Macrophytes | p. 63 |
Design of Tropical Constructed Wetlands | p. 69 |
The Importance of Wastewater Quality Parameters in Facility Design | p. 69 |
Influent wastewater characteristics and effluent water quality requirements | p. 69 |
Potential of wedands for wastewater treatment under tropical conditions | p. 70 |
How wedands improve water quality | p. 73 |
Process Design ù Reaction Rate and Hydraulic Residence Time (HRT) | p. 77 |
Reaction rates and HRT | p. 77 |
Sizing of constructed wetland (FWS and SSF) | p. 79 |
Water depth in FWS | p. 82 |
Bed depth in SSF | p. 82 |
Effect of evaporation on the design | p. 82 |
Integration of wedand designs | p. 83 |
Water Quality Improvement ù A Tropical Case Study | p. 83 |
Effectiveness of Scirpus grossus in the treatment of domestic wastes in a constructed wetland | p. 83 |
Effects of Vegetation on Water Quality Improvement | p. 90 |
Engineering the Wetlands | p. 95 |
Introduction | p. 95 |
Flow Control | p. 95 |
Need for flow control | p. 95 |
Inlet and outlet structures | p. 96 |
Substrate in Wetlands | p. 99 |
Sand and gravel | p. 99 |
Organic substrate | p. 100 |
Construction Aspects | p. 100 |
Site conditions | p. 101 |
Soil conditions | p. 102 |
Drainage | p. 102 |
Piping work | p. 103 |
Side walls | p. 104 |
Synthetic liners and clay liners | p. 106 |
Planting | p. 108 |
Fencing and protection | p. 110 |
Pre-Treatment for the Wedand System | p. 110 |
Stormwater bypass | p. 110 |
Removal of solids (screens, silt traps, and traps for floating material) | p. 111 |
Maintenance of Wedands | p. 111 |
Introduction of common aspects of failures and maintenance | p. 111 |
Frequency of maintenance of wetland plants, systems, and hydraulics | p. 111 |
Cost and Sustainability of Constructed Wetlands | p. 115 |
Introduction | p. 115 |
Land value and location | p. 116 |
Treatment goals | p. 117 |
Type of wetlands | p. 117 |
Construction Costs | p. 118 |
Basic cost components | p. 118 |
Operation and Maintenance Costs | p. 125 |
Sustainability of Constructed Wetlands in Tropics | p. 126 |
Ecological and economic sustainabilities | p. 126 |
Longevity of constructed wetlands | p. 128 |
Socio-environmental aspects of constructed wetland management ù lesson learnt | p. 129 |
References | p. 131 |
Index | p. 147 |
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