| About the Authors | p. xi |
| Web Added ValueÖ | p. xiii |
| p. xv |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Worship Space Acoustics | p. 1 |
| Fundamentals-Nature of Sound | p. 3 |
| Some Important Properties of Sound | p. 3 |
| Sound Pressure, Sound Pressure Level, and Sound Level | p. 6 |
| Sound Pressure Level and Sound Power | p. 7 |
| Using the Decibel Scale | p. 8 |
| Spectra of Voice and Music | p. 11 |
| Hearing | p. 15 |
| Basic Properties | p. 15 |
| Directional Properties | p. 17 |
| Masking and Critical Bands | p. 18 |
| Hearing Impairment | p. 18 |
| Effects of Masking in Time | p. 21 |
| Room Acoustics Fundamentals | p. 25 |
| Propagation and the Reflection of Sound | p. 25 |
| Outdoor Sound | p. 27 |
| Geometrical Acoustics, Wave Packets, and Sound Rays | p. 28 |
| Reflection of Sound | p. 31 |
| Sound Decay in Rooms and Sabine's Equation | p. 34 |
| Reverberation Time and Reverberation Curves | p. 36 |
| Spatial Properties of Reverberant Sound | p. 36 |
| Loudness of Sounds in Rooms | p. 38 |
| Sound Pressure Level Behavior in Rooms | p. 39 |
| Sound-absorbing Materials | p. 41 |
| Introduction | p. 41 |
| Absorption Coefficient and Absorption Area | p. 41 |
| Porous Absorbers | p. 42 |
| Disadvantages of Porous Sound Absorbers | p. 48 |
| Resonant Absorbers | p. 50 |
| Membrane-type Absorbers | p. 51 |
| Helmholtz Resonators | p. 51 |
| Resonator Panels | p. 52 |
| Adjustable Sound Absorption | p. 53 |
| Sound Absorption by Audience | p. 54 |
| Residual Sound-absorption Area | p. 58 |
| Metrics for Room Acoustics | p. 59 |
| Introduction | p. 59 |
| Impulse Response | p. 59 |
| Reverberation Time | p. 60 |
| Early Decay Times | p. 62 |
| Clarity-Early-to-Reverberant Ratio | p. 62 |
| Initial Time-delay Gap | p. 62 |
| Speech Intelligibility and Articulation | p. 63 |
| Speech Intelligibility Metrics | p. 63 |
| Additional Room Acoustics Metrics | p. 66 |
| Strength Index | p. 66 |
| Bass Ratio | p. 66 |
| Brilliance | p. 67 |
| Lateral Energy Fraction | p. 67 |
| Interaural Cross-correlation | p. 68 |
| Simulation and Prediction | p. 71 |
| Simulation and Prediction in Room Acoustics | p. 71 |
| Ultrasonic Scale Modeling | p. 71 |
| Acoustical Computer-aided Design | p. 73 |
| Auralization | p. 74 |
| Planning for Good Room Acoustics | p. 79 |
| Introduction | p. 79 |
| Psychoacoustics: The Precedence Effect and Binaural Unmasking | p. 81 |
| Seating Area | p. 81 |
| Floor Plans | p. 83 |
| Lengthwise Sections | p. 87 |
| Crosswise Sections | p. 89 |
| Preferred Reverberation Time | p. 91 |
| Coloration | p. 93 |
| Echo | p. 95 |
| Some Sound-reflection Problems | p. 96 |
| Domes and Other Curved Surfaces | p. 96 |
| Whispering Galleries | p. 98 |
| Pillars | p. 99 |
| Annexes and Dual-slope Reverberation Curves | p. 99 |
| Balconies | p. 100 |
| Reflectors | p. 103 |
| Barriers and Mechitzot | p. 104 |
| Diffusers | p. 105 |
| Temporary Structures and Tents | p. 105 |
| Rooms for Speech | p. 108 |
| Rooms for Music | p. 110 |
| General Recommendations | p. 110 |
| Organ Placement | p. 112 |
| Organ and Choir Arrangements | p. 115 |
| Quiet | p. 117 |
| Noise, Annoyance, and Sound Quality | p. 117 |
| Noise Criteria | p. 118 |
| Mechanical Equipment Room and General Isolation | p. 121 |
| Basic Planning | p. 121 |
| Construction and Details | p. 122 |
| Doors | p. 122 |
| Reverberant Sound Reduction | p. 122 |
| Mechanical Shafts and Chases | p. 124 |
| Fan Selection and Sound Output | p. 124 |
| Fan Types | p. 124 |
| Prediction of Fan Sound Power and Calculations for Room Noise Level | p. 124 |
| Silencers | p. 125 |
| Diffusers, Grilles, and Dampers | p. 125 |
| Vibration Isolation | p. 126 |
| Basic Planning | p. 126 |
| Housekeeping Pads | p. 127 |
| Floating Floors and Vibration-isolation Inertia Bases | p. 127 |
| Pipe and Duct Connections | p. 129 |
| Chair-scrape Noise | p. 131 |
| Sound Isolation and Other Noise Issues | p. 133 |
| Sound Transmission | p. 133 |
| Noise Reduction and Sound Transmission Loss | p. 134 |
| Efficient Sound Isolation | p. 136 |
| Effect of Background or Masking Noise | p. 136 |
| Transmission Loss Curves of Typical Walls | p. 137 |
| A Balanced Spectrum Design | p. 138 |
| The Coincidence Effect | p. 139 |
| Average Transmission Loss and Sound Transmission Class | p. 140 |
| Laboratory vs. Field Measurements | p. 141 |
| Effects of Leaks | p. 141 |
| Complex or Double Partitions | p. 142 |
| Control of Flanking Sound Transmission | p. 145 |
| Music Practice and Teaching Facilities | p. 146 |
| Basic Planning | p. 146 |
| Privacy | p. 146 |
| Sound-isolating Windows, Partitions, and Doors | p. 149 |
| Exterior Noise | p. 152 |
| Sound Systems for Clarity and Reverberation | p. 153 |
| Introduction | p. 153 |
| Sound Level Amplification | p. 153 |
| Increased Clarity or Increased Reverberation | p. 154 |
| Frequency Response | p. 155 |
| Freedom from Distortion and Noise | p. 155 |
| Directional Realism | p. 155 |
| Balance between Clarity and Spaciousness/Liveliness | p. 155 |
| Sound System Uses Other than Reinforcement | p. 156 |
| Basic Types of Worship Space Sound Reinforcement Systems | p. 156 |
| Type I: Central Systems | p. 157 |
| Type II: Split Central System | p. 157 |
| Type III: Conventional Distributed Systems | p. 160 |
| Type IV: Pew-back System | p. 162 |
| Type V: Distributed Directional Horn System | p. 164 |
| Type VI: Distributed Delayed Column System | p. 165 |
| Type VII: Horizontal Line Source | p. 166 |
| Equipment | p. 169 |
| Microphones | p. 169 |
| Contact Pick-up Devices | p. 172 |
| Preamplification | p. 173 |
| General Control Equipment | p. 173 |
| Operated vs. Automatic Systems | p. 173 |
| Control Consoles and Mixer Preamplifiers | p. 176 |
| Controls Usually Fixed | p. 177 |
| Location of Controls | p. 177 |
| Delay Equipment | p. 178 |
| Feedback Protection | p. 178 |
| Crossovers | p. 179 |
| Power Amplification | p. 181 |
| Loudspeakers | p. 181 |
| Applications | p. 188 |
| Basic Reinforcement System | p. 188 |
| Archival Recording System | p. 190 |
| Monitoring and Paging Systems | p. 190 |
| Surround and Electronic Reverberation Systems | p. 191 |
| Acoustical Envelope or Stage Communication System | p. 195 |
| Hearing Assistance and Simultaneous Translation | p. 195 |
| Production Communications | p. 195 |
| System Planning and Implementation | p. 196 |
| Design | p. 196 |
| p. 203 |
| Synagogues | p. 205 |
| History | p. 205 |
| Modern Synagogue Architecture | p. 210 |
| Separation of Sexes: The Mechitzah | p. 214 |
| Small Synagogues | p. 215 |
| Synagogues as Study Halls: Beit Ha-Midrash | p. 216 |
| Jewish Communities | p. 217 |
| Chassidism | p. 218 |
| Reform Movement | p. 219 |
| Conservative Movement | p. 221 |
| Noise Issues | p. 223 |
| Overflow Seating | p. 223 |
| Room Finishes | p. 223 |
| Use of Sound Amplification | p. 224 |
| Summary | p. 226 |
| Churches | p. 227 |
| Introduction | p. 227 |
| Historical Survey of Christian Liturgy | p. 227 |
| Acoustics for Christian Worship | p. 230 |
| Reverberant Acoustics-Roman Catholic Liturgy as an Example | p. 234 |
| Typical Liturgical Music for Reverberant Spaces | p. 234 |
| Acoustics for Liturgy | p. 235 |
| Example Projects: Reverberant/Semi-reverberant Spaces | p. 240 |
| Absorptive Acoustics-Evangelical/Blended Worship as an Example | p. 247 |
| Typical Worship Music in Spaces with Absorptive Acoustics | p. 247 |
| Acoustics for Worship in Absorptive Spaces | p. 248 |
| Example Projects: Absorptive/Semi-absorptive Spaces | p. 249 |
| Summary | p. 254 |
| Mosques | p. 257 |
| Historic Development | p. 257 |
| Worship Characteristics | p. 259 |
| Music in Islamic Worship | p. 260 |
| Mosque Acoustics and Sound Systems | p. 261 |
| Traditional Mosques | p. 261 |
| Contemporary Mosques | p. 264 |
| Noise Control Considerations | p. 268 |
| Minarets | p. 269 |
| Appendix | p. 271 |
| Notes and References | p. 275 |
| Notes and References | p. 285 |
| Index | p. 297 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
