PART 1: THE ACADEMIC WRITER 1. Thinking as an Academic Writer Explore Through Writing
Understand the Process of Writing
Understand the Rhetorical Situation
Analyze Your Assignment
Think About Your Genre
Think About Your Medium
Think About Your Topic
Think About What Your Readers Expect
Think About Your Credibility
2. Reading as an Academic Writer Become a Critical Reader
Become a Critical Viewer
Annotate Academic Readings
Read Actively
Recognize Fallacies
Write a Summary
Write a Paraphrase
Move from Reading to Invention
Start an Annotated Bibliography
Synthesize Readings and Visuals
3. Planning Move from a General Topic to a Writing Plan
Narrow Your Topic
Write a Thesis
Make a Plan
4. Drafting Draft with Strategies in Mind
Write a Zero Draft
Draft From a Working Outline
Start Fast with an Engaging Title and Opening Paragraph
Develop Paragraphs
Conclude with Strength
Link Within and Across Paragraphs
Write an Essay Exam
5. Revising Revising and Editing
Evaluate Your Draft
Respond to Others
Pay Attention to Details Last
Revise Using your Instructor's Comments
PART 2: THE PERSUASIVE WRITER 6. Reflections Writing a Reflection
What Makes a Good Reflection?
Reflections About Visuals
Reading Reflections
Sue Kunitomi Embrey, Some Lines for a Younger Brother . . .
David Sedaris, Let it Snow
Alisa Valdes-Rodriguez, My Hips, My Caceras
Amy Tan, Mother Tongue
How to Write a Reflection
STUDENT EXAMPLE
Janine Carter, The Miracle Quilt
Projects
7. Observations Writing an Observation
What Makes a Good Observation?
Visual Observations
Reading Observations
Kellie Schmitt, The Old Man Isn't There Anymore
Gwendolyn Oxenham, Pelada
John Muir, Interview with the Bear
Ansel Adams, Photographs of Japanese-Americans at Manzanar
National Park Service, Yellowstone's Geothermal Resources
How to Write an Observation
STUDENT EXAMPLE (APA Style)
Sarah Cuellar, Playing in Traffic: How Parallel Play Helps Preschool Children "Merge" into Group Play
Projects
8. Informative Essays and Visuals Reporting Information
What Makes Good Informative Writing?
Informative Visuals
Reading Informative Writing
Katherine Mangan, Is Faster Always Better?
Kheehong Song and Allison Cui, Understanding China's Middle Class
Shane D. Johnson, Aiden Sitebottom, and Adam Thorpe, Bicycle Theft
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, The Current and Future Consequences of Climate Change
US Department of Agriculture, MyPlate Brochure
John Mitchell, A map of the British and French dominions in North America,
1755
How to Write to Inform
STUDENT EXAMPLE
Lakshmi Kotra, The Life Cycle of Stars
Projects
9. Rhetorical, Visual, and Literary Analyses Writing an Analysis
Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
Writing a Visual Analysis
Writing a Literary Analysis
Reading Analyses
Tim Collins, Straight from the Heart
David T. Z. Mindich, The Collapse of Big Media: The Young and the Restless
Frank Gehry, The Ray and Maria Stata Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour
Dagoberto Gilb, Love in LA
Student Literary Analysis: Quandre Brown, Fender-bender Romance in Dagoberto Gilb's "Love in L.A."
How to Write an Analysis
STUDENT EXAMPLE
Chris Gonzalez, Russell Lee's Pie Town Photographs
Writing Arguments
10. Causal Arguments Writing a Causal Argument
What Makes a Good Causal Argument?
Visual Causal Arguments
Reading Causal Arguments
Laura Fraser, The French Paradox
Emily Raine, Why Should I Be Nice To You? Coffee Shops and the Politics of
Good Service
Kay S. Hymowitz, The New Girl Order
Tom Vanderbilt, Why I Became a Late Merger (and Why You Should Too)
How to Write a Causal Argument
STUDENT EXAMPLE
Armandi Tansel, Modern Warfare: Video Games' Link to Real-World Violence
Projects
11. Evaluation Arguments Writing an Evaluation Argument
What Makes a Good Evaluation Argument?
Visual Evaluations
Reading Evaluations
Bill McKibben, The Only Way to Have a Cow
Rachel Laudan, In Praise of Fast Food
Katharine Mieszkowski, We Paved Paradise
How to Write an Evaluation
STUDENT EXAMPLE
Jenna Picchi, Organic Foods Should Come Clean
Projects
12. Position Arguments Writing a Position Argument
What Makes a Good Position Argument?
Visual Position Arguments
Reading Position Arguments
Ted Koppel, Take My Privacy, Please!
Frederick Douglass, What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?
Michael Pollan, Eat Food, Food Defined
Jeff Speck, The Walkability Dividend
James Paul Gee, Games, Not Schools, Are Teaching Kids to Think
"Are You Pouring on the Pounds?", Food Cops Bust Cookie Monster
How to Write a Position Argument
STUDENT EXAMPLE (MLA Style)
Patrice Conley, Flagrant Foul: The NCAA's Definition of Student Athletes as Amateurs
Projects
13. Proposal Arguments Writing a Proposal Argument
What Makes a Good Proposal Argument?
Visual Proposals
Reading Proposal Arguments
Thomas Jefferson, The Declaration of Independence
Sunni Brown, The Doodle Revolutionary's Manifesto
Glenn Loury, A Nation of Jailers
Peter W. Huber, Bound to Burn
Chris Packham and Mark Wright, Should Pandas Be Left to Face
Extinction?
San Francisco Bicycle Coalition, Connecting the City
How to Write a Proposal Argument
STUDENT EXAMPLE
Kim Lee, Let's Make It a Real Melting Pot with Presidential Hopes for All
PART 3: THE MULTIMEDIA WRITER 14. Composing in Multimedia Communicate With Visuals and words
Understanding the Process of Composing in Multimedia
Take Pictures That Aren't Boring
Compose Images
Create Audience
Create Video
Create a Photo Essay
15. Designing for Print and Digital Readers Start with Your Readers
Use Headings and Subheadings Effectively
Design Pages
Understand Typography
Evaluate Your Design
16. Delivering Presentations and Portfolios Plan a Presentation
Design Effective Visuals
Deliver a Successful Presentation
Creating Portfolios
17. Writing for Online Courses Keep Track of Online Coursework
Participate in Online Discussions
Manage Online Writing
18. Working as a Team Organize a Team
Brainstorm as a Team
Work as a Team
PART 4: THE WRITER AS RESEARCHER 19. Planning Research Analyze the Research Task
Ask a Question
Determine What You Need
Draft a Working Thesis
20. Finding Sources Identify the Kinds of Sources That You Need
Search Using Keywords
Find Sources in Databases
Find Sources on the Web
Find Multimedia Sources
Find Print Sources
Create a Working Bibliography
21. Evaluating Sources Determine the Relevance and Quality of Sources
Determine the Kind of Source
Determine If a Source Is Trustworthy
22. Exploring in the Field Conduct Interviews
Administer Surveys
Make Observations
23. Writing the Research Project Write a Draft
Avoid Plagiarism
Quote Sources Without Plagiarizing
Summarize and Paraphrase Sources Without Plagiarizing
Incorporate Quotations
Incorporate Visuals
Review Your Research Project
24. MLA Documentation Elements of MLA Documentation
Entries in the Works-cited List
In-text Citations in MLA Style
Books in MLA-Style Works Cited
Sample Works-cited for Books
Periodicals in MLA-Style Works Cited
Sample Works-cited for Periodicals
Web Sources in MLA-Style Works Cited
Sample Works-cited for Online Sources
Other Sources in MLA-Style Works Cited
Visual Sources in MLA-Style Works Cited
Sample MLA Paper
George Abukar
It's Time to Shut Down the Identity Theft Racket
25. APA Documentation APA Citations
In-text Citations in APA Style
Books in APA-Style References List
Periodicals in APA-Style References List
Web Sources in APA-Style References List
Other Sources in APA-Style References List
Sample APA Paper
Blair Zacharias
Parking Design Recommendations for Publically Funded Commercial Redevelopment Projects
PART 5: THE WRITER AS EDITOR 26. Writing Effective Sentences Pay Attention to Verbs
Stay Active
Focus on People and Actors
Write Concise Sentences
Write Ethical Sentences
Match Structure with Ideas
Summary for Editing Sentences
27. Avoiding Errors Fix Fragments
Fix Run-on Sentences
Fix Comma Splices
Make Verbs Agree with Subjects
Make Pronouns Agree
Fix Shifts
Use Modifiers Correctly
Place Modifiers Carefully
Summary for Editing for Errors
28. Understanding Punctuation and Conventions Identify Where Commas Are Needed
Place Commas Correctly with Modifiers
Place Commas Correctly with Clauses and Phrases
Use Semicolons and Colons Correctly
Use Hyphens, Dashes, and Parentheses Correctly
Use Quotation Marks Correctly
Use Other Punctuation Correctly
Understand Print Conventions
Summary for Punctuation and Conventions
29. Writing in a Second Language Understand the Demands of Writing in a Second Language
Understand Nouns in English
Understand Articles in English
Understand Verbs and Modifiers in English
Understand English Sentence Structure
Summary for Second-language Writers
Index
