1 Introduction
Learning Objectives
1.1 Some Characteristics of Fluids
1.2 Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units
1.2.1 Systems of Units
1.3 Analysis of Fluid Behavior
1.4 Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight
1.4.1 Density
1.4.2 Specific Weight
1.4.3 Specific Gravity
1.5 Ideal Gas Law
1.6 Viscosity
1.7 Compressibility of Fluids
1.7.1 Bulk Modulus
1.7.2 Compression and Expansion of Gases
1.7.3 Speed of Sound
1.8 Vapor Pressure
1.9 Surface Tension
1.10 A Brief Look Back in History
Chapter Summary
Key Equations
References
Questions and Problems
2 Fluid Statics
Learning Objectives
2.1 Pressure at a Point
2.2 Basic Equation for Pressure Field
2.3 Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest
2.3.1 Incompressible Fluid
2.3.2 Compressible Fluid
2.4 Standard Atmosphere
2.5 Measurement of Pressure
2.6 Manometry
2.6.1 Piezometer Tube
2.6.2 U-Tube Manometer
2.6.3 Inclined-Tube Manometer
2.7 Mechanical and Electronic Pressure-Measuring Devices
2.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface and Pressure Diagram
2.8.1 Hydrostatic Force
2.8.2 Pressure Diagram
2.9 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface
2.10 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability
2.10.1 Archimedes’ Principle
2.10.2 The Stability of Bodies in Fluids
2.11 Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion
2.12 Equilibrium of Moving Fluids
(Special Case of Fluid Statics)
Chapter Summary
Key Equations
References
Questions and Problems
3 Fluid Kinematics
Learning Objectives
3.1 The Velocity Field
3.1.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions
3.1.2 One-, Two-, and Three- Dimensional Flows
3.1.3 Steady and Unsteady Flows
3.1.4 F low Patterns: Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines
3.2 The Acceleration Field
3.2.1 Acceleration and the Material Derivative
3.2.2 Unsteady Effects
3.2.3 Convective Effects
3.2.4 Streamline Coordinates
3.3 Control Volume and System Representations
3.4 The Reynolds Transport Theorem
3.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem
3.4.2 Selection of a Control Volume
Chapter Summary
Key Equations
References
Questions and Problems
4 Elementary Fluid Dynamics—The Bernoulli Equation
Learning Objectives
4.1 Newton’s Second Law
4.2 F = ma along a Streamline
4.3 F = ma Normal to a Streamline
4.4 Physical Interpretations and Alternate Forms of the Bernoulli Equation
4.5 Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure
4.6 Applications of the Bernoulli Equation
4.6.1 Free Jets
4.6.2 Confined Flows
4.6.3 Flowrate Measurement
4.7 The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line
4.8 Restrictions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation
Chapter Summary
Key Equations
References
Questions and Problems
5 Finite Control Volume Analysis
Learning Objectives
5.1 Conservation of Mass—The Continuity Equation
5.1.1 Derivation of the Continuity Equation
5.1.2 Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume
5.1.3 Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume
5.2 Newton’s Second Law—The Linear Momentum and Moment-of-Momentum Equations
5.2.1 Derivation of the Linear Momentum Equation
5.2.2 Application of the Linear Momentum Equation
5.2.3 Derivation of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation
5.2.4 Application of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation
5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics—The Energy Equation
5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation
5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation
5.3.3 The Mechanical Energy Equation and the Bernoulli Equation
5.3.4 Application of the Energy Equation to Nonuniform Flows
5.3.5 Comparison of Various Forms of the Energy Equation
Chapter Summary
Key Equations
References
Questions and Problems
6 Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow
Learning Objectives
6.1 Fluid Element Kinematics
6.1.1 Velocity and Acceleration Revisited
6.1.2 Linear Motion and Deformation
6.1.3 Angular Motion and Deformation
6.2 Conservation of Mass
6.2.1 Differential Form of Continuity Equation
6.2.2 Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
6.2.3 The Stream Function
6.3 The Linear Momentum Equation
6.3.1 Description of Forces Acting Differential Element
6.3.2 Equations of Motion
6.4 Inviscid Flow
6.4.1 Euler’s Equations of Motion
6.4.2 The Bernoulli Equation
6.4.3 Irrotational Flow
6.4.4 The Bernoulli Equation Irrotational Flow
6.4.5 The Velocity Potential
6.5 Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows
6.5.1 Uniform Flow
6.5.2 Source and Sink
6.5.3 Vortex
6.5.4 Doublet
6.6 Superposition of Basic, Plane
6.6.1 Source in a Uniform Stream—Half Body
6.6.2 Flow Around a Circular Cylinder
6.7 Other Aspects of Potential Flow
6.8 Viscous Flow
6.8.1 Stress–Deformation Relationships
6.8.2 The Navier–Stokes Equations
6.9 Some Simple Solutions for Laminar, Viscous, Incompressible Flows
6.9.1 Steady, Laminar Flow Fixed Parallel Plates
6.9.2 Couette Flow
6.9.3 Steady, Laminar Flow in
6.10 Other Aspects of Differential Analysis
Chapter Summary
Key Equations
References
Questions and Problems
7 Dimensional Analysis, Similitude, and Modeling
Learning Objectives
7.1 The Need for Dimensional Analysis
7.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem
7.3 Determination of Pi Terms
7.4 Some Directions about Dimensional
7.4.1 Selection of Variables
7.4.2 Determination of Reference Dimensions
7.4.3 Uniqueness of Pi Terms
7.5 Determination of Pi Terms by Inspection
7.6 Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics
7.7 Correlation of Experimental Data
7.7.1 Problems with One Pi Term
7.7.2 Problems with Two or More Pi Terms
7.8 Modeling and Similitude
7.8.1 Theory of Models
7.8.2 Model Scales
7.8.3 Practical Aspects of Using Models
7.9 Typical Model Studies
7.9.1 Flow Through Closed Conduits
7.9.2 Flow Around Immersed Bodies
7.9.3 Flow with a Free Surface
Chapter Summary
Key Equations
References
Questions and Problems
8 Viscous Flow in Pipes
Learning Objectives
8.1 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow
8.1.1 Laminar or Turbulent Flow
8.1.2 Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow
8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow
8.2.1 From F = ma Applied Directly to a Fluid Element
8.2.2 From the Navier–Stokes Equations
8.3 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow
8.3.1 T ransition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow
8.3.2 Turbulent Shear Stress
8.3.3 Turbulent Velocity Profile
8.4 Pipe Flow Losses via Dimensional Analysis
8.4.1 Major Losses
8.4.2 Minor Losses
8.4.3 Noncircular Conduits
8.5 Pipe Flow Examples
8.5.1 Single Pipes
8.5.2 Multiple Pipe Systems
8.6 Pipe Flowrate Measurement
Chapter Summary
Key Equations
References
Questions and Problems
9 Flow over Immersed Bodies
Learning Objectives
9.1 General External Flow Characteristics
9.1.1 Lift and Drag Concepts
9.1.2 Characteristics of Flow Past an Object
9.2 Boundary Layer Characteristics
9.2.1 Boundary Layer Structure and Thickness on a Flat Plate
9.2.2 Prandtl / Blasius Boundary Layer Solution
9.2.3 Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation for a Flat Plate
9.2.4 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow
9.2.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow
9.2.6 Effects of Pressure Gradient
9.3 Drag
9.3.1 Friction Drag
9.3.2 Pressure Drag
9.3.3 Drag Coefficient Data and Examples
9.4 Lift
9.4.1 Surface Pressure Distribution
9.4.2 Circulation
Chapter Summary
Key Equations
References
Questions and Problems
10 Open-Channel Flow
Learning Objectives
10.1 General Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow
10.2 Surface Waves
10.2.1 Wave Speed
10.2.2 Froude Number Effects
10.3 Energy Considerations
10.3.1 Energy Balance
10.3.2 Specific Energy
10.4 Uniform Flow
10.4.1 Uniform Flow Approximations
10.4.2 The Chezy and Manning Equations
10.4.3 Uniform Flow Examples
10.5 Most Efficient Channel Section
10.5.1 Trapezoidal Channel Section
10.5.2 Triangular Channel Section
10.6 Gradually Varied Flow
10.7 Rapidly Varied Flow
10.7.1 The Hydraulic Jump
10.7.2 Sharp-Crested Weirs
10.7.3 Broad-Crested Weirs
10.7.4 Underflow (Sluice) Gates
Chapter Summary
Key Equations
References
Questions and Problems
11 Turbomachines
Learning Objectives
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Basic Energy Considerations
11.3 Angular Momentum Considerations
11.4 The Centrifugal Pump
11.4.1 Theoretical Considerations
11.4.2 Pump Performance Characteristics
11.4.3 System Characteristics, Pump-System Matching, and Pump Selection
11.5 Dimensionless Parameters and Similarity Laws
11.5.1 Specific Speed
11.6 Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pumps
11.7 Turbines
11.7.1 Impulse Turbines
11.7.2 Reaction Turbines
11.8 Fans
11.9 Compressible Flow Turbomachines
Chapter Summary
Key Equations
References
Questions and Problems
APPENDIX A Computational Fluid Dynamics
APPENDIX B Physical Properties of Fluids
APPENDIX C Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere
APPENDIX D Comprehensive Table of Conversion Factors
INDEX
