Introduction 1
About This Book 1
Foolish Assumptions 2
Icons Used in This Book 2
Beyond the Book 3
Where to Go from Here 3
Part 1: The Building Blocks of the Body 5
Chapter 1: The Language of Anatomy & Physiology 7
Organization of the Body 7
Getting into Position 11
Answers to Questions on Terminology 14
Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life 15
Building from Scratch: Atoms and Elements 15
Chemical Reactions 19
Chemical bonds 19
Organic compounds 21
Cycling through Life: Metabolism 26
Energy from food 27
Getting energy from energy 29
Answers to Questions on Life's Chemistry 33
Chapter 3: The Cell: Life's Basic Building Block 35
Life and Death of a Cell 35
Gaining Admission: The Cell Membrane 37
Diffusion 37
Osmosis 38
Active transport 39
Aiming for the Nucleus 41
Looking Inside: Organelles and Their Functions 43
Putting Together New Proteins 47
Answers to Questions on the Cell 50
Chapter 4: Divide and Conquer: Cellular Mitosis 53
Walking through the Cell Cycle 54
Waiting for action: Interphase 54
Sorting out the parts: Prophase 55
Dividing at the equator: Metaphase 55
Packing up to move out: Anaphase 55
Pinching off: Telophase 55
Splitting up: Cytokinesis 55
Understanding What Can Go Wrong during Cell Division 59
Answers to Questions on Mitosis 61
Chapter 5: The Study of Tissues: Histology 63
Getting into Your Skin: Epithelial Tissue 64
Making a Connection: Connective Tissue 68
Flexing It: Muscle Tissue 71
Getting the Signal Across: Nervous Tissue 73
Answers to Questions on Histology 74
Part 2: Weaving It Together: Bones, Muscles, and Skin 77
Chapter 6: It's Skin Deep: The Integumentary System 79
Digging Deep into Dermatology 79
The epidermis: Don't judge this book by its cover 80
The dermis: Going more than skin deep 82
Touching a Nerve in the Integumentary System 86
Accessorizing with Hair, Nails, and Glands 87
Wigging out about hair 87
The oil slick 88
Nailing the fingers and toes 88
Sweating the details 88
Getting an earful 89
Answers to Questions on the Skin 93
Chapter 7: A Scaffold to Build On: The Skeleton 95
Understanding the Functions of Dem Bones 95
Boning Up on Classifications and Structures 98
Turning Bone into Bone: Ossification 103
Endochondral ossification 103
Intramembranous ossification 103
The Axial Skeleton: Keeping It All in Line 105
Making a hard head harder 105
Putting your backbones into it 107
The Appendicular Skeleton: Reaching beyond Our Girdles 113
Arthrology: Articulating the Joints 117
Answers to Questions on the Skeleton 122
Chapter 8: Getting in Gear: The Muscles 127
Flexing Your Muscle Knowledge 128
Muscle Classifications: Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal 131
Contracting for a Contraction 133
Breaking down a muscle's anatomy and movement 133
Understanding what stimulates muscle contraction 135
Pulling Together: Muscles as Organs 138
Assuming the Right Tone 140
Leveraging Muscular Power 142
What's in a Name? Identifying Muscles 144
Answers to Questions on Muscles 150
Part 3: Mission Control: All Systems Go 155
Chapter 9: Feeling Jumpy: The Nervous System 157
Our Motherboard 157
Building from Basics: Neurons, Nerves, and Glial cells 158
Neurons 158
Nerves 160
Glial cells 161
Feeling Impulsive? 164
Along the neuron 165
Across the synapse 166
Minding the Central Nervous System 168
The spinal cord 168
The brain 169
Taking Side Streets: The Peripheral Nervous System 176
Keep Breathing: The Autonomic Nervous System 178
Coming to Your Senses 181
On watch: The eyes 181
Listen up: The ears 182
Answers to Questions on the Nervous System 187
Chapter 10: Raging Hormones: The Endocrine System 191
No Bland Glands 192
Enter the Ringmasters 194
The hypothalamus 194
The pituitary 195
The Supporting Cast of Glandular Characters 197
Topping off the kidneys: The adrenal glands 197
Thriving with the thyroid 198
Pairing up with the parathyroid 198
Pinging the pineal gland 199
Thumping the thymus 199
Pressing the pancreas 199
Dealing with Stress: Homeostasis 202
Answers to Questions on the Endocrine System 204
Part 4: Feed and Fuel: Supply and Transport 207
Chapter 11: Spreading the Love: The Cardiovascular System 209
Moving to the Beat of a Pump 209
Finding the Key to the Heart's Chambers 213
The atria 213
The ventricles 214
Conducting the Heart's Music 218
The orchestra 218
The music 219
The performance 220
Riding the Network of Blood Vessels 223
Withstanding the pressure 224
Capillary exchange 225
Answers to Questions on the Cardiovascular System 227
Chapter 12: Keeping Up Your Defenses: The Lymphatic System 231
Duct, Duct, Lymph 231
Poking at the Nodes 235
Having a Spleen-did Time with the Lymphatic Organs 238
Reuse and recycle: The spleen 238
T cell central: The thymus gland 239
Open wide and move along: The tonsils and Peyer's patches 239
Investigating Immunity 242
Innate defenses 242
Adaptive defenses 243
Answers to Questions on the Lymphatic System 245
Chapter 13: Oxygenating the Machine: The Respiratory System 249
Breathing In the Basics 250
Preparing the Air 254
Knowing about the nose (and sinuses) 254
Dealing with throaty matters 257
Swapping the bad for the good 260
Answers to Questions on the Respiratory System 263
Chapter 14: Fueling the Functions: The Digestive System 265
Digesting the Basics: It's Alimentary! 265
Nothing to Spit At: Into the Mouth and Past the Teeth 268
Entering the vestibule 269
Moving along the oral cavity 270
Stomaching the Body's Fuel 274
Breaking Down the Work of Digestive Enzymes 277
The small intestine 277
The liver 279
The pancreas 280
One Last Look Before Leaving 282
The appendix 282
The large intestine 282
Answers to Questions on the Digestive Tract 284
Chapter 15: Filtering Out the Junk: The Urinary System 287
Examining the Kidneys, the Body's Filters 288
Kidney structure 288
Going microscopic 288
Focusing on Filtering 292
Retaining water 292
Controlling blood volume 294
Getting Rid of the Waste 296
Surfing the ureters 296
Ballooning the bladder 296
Distinguishing the male and female urethras 296
Spelling relief: Urination 297
Answers to Questions on the Urinary System 299
Part 5: Survival of the Species 301
Chapter 16: Why Ask Y? The Male Reproductive System 303
Identifying the Parts of the Male Reproductive System 303
Packaging the Chromosomes for Delivery 309
Answers to Questions on the Male Reproductive System 315
Chapter 17: Carrying Life: The Female Reproductive System 317
Identifying the Female Reproductive Parts and Their Functions 318
External genitalia 318
Internal genitalia 318
Gamete production 319
Making Eggs: A Mite More Meiosis 324
Making Babies: An Introduction to Embryology 325
Growing from Fetus to Baby 327
Parturition 329
Growing, Changing, and Aging 330
Answers to Questions on the Female Reproductive System 333
Part 6: The Part of Tens 337
Chapter 18: Ten Study Tips for Anatomy and Physiology Students 339
Writing Down Important Stuff in Your Own Words 339
Gaining Better Knowledge through Mnemonics 340
Discovering Your Learning Style 340
Getting a Grip on Greek and Latin 341
Connecting with Concepts 341
Forming a Study Group 342
Outlining What's to Come 342
Putting In Time to Practice 342
Sleuthing Out Clues 343
Reviewing Your Mistakes 343
Chapter 19: Ten Fun Physiology Facts 345
Boning Up on the Skeleton 345
Flexing Your Muscles 346
Fighting Biological Invaders 346
Cells Hair, There, and Everywhere 347
Swallowing Some Facts about Saliva and the Stomach 347
Appreciating the Extent of the Cardiovascular System 347
"You're Glowing" Isn't Just an Expression 348
Looking at a Few of Your Extra Parts 348
Understanding Your Brain on Sleep 349
Getting Sensational News 349
Index 351
