Cognitive Interviewing Methodology

Foreword xiii

Gordon Willis

Acknowledgments xv

Contributors xvii

1 Introduction 1
Kristen Miller

1.1 Cognitive Interviewing Methodology, 2

2 Foundations and New Directions 7
Valerie Chepp and Caroline Gray

2.1 Introduction, 7

2.2 Sociology and the Interpretivist Tradition, 8

2.3 New Directions: Interpretation and Cognition, 9

2.4 Methodological Implications for Cognitive Interviewing, 11

2.5 Conclusion, 14

3 Data Collection 15
Stephanie Willson and Kristen Miller

3.1 Introduction, 15

3.2 Cognitive Interviewing Study Sample, 15

3.2.1 Considerations of Sample Design, 16

3.3 The Cognitive Interview, 20

3.3.1 Differing Approaches to Cognitive Interviewing, 20

3.3.2 Different Kinds of Data: Respondent as Evaluator versus Respondent as Story Teller, 22

3.4 The Role of Interviewer, 28

3.4.1 Interviewer as Data Collector, 29

3.4.2 Interviewer as Researcher, 30

3.5 Conclusion, 33

4 Analysis 35
Kristen Miller, Stephanie Willson, Valerie Chepp, and J. Michael Ryan

4.1 Introduction, 35

4.2 Analysis of Cognitive Interviews: Overview, 36

4.3 Analytic Steps for Cognitive Interviews, 38

4.3.1 Step 1: Conducting the Interview, 39

4.3.2 Step Two: Producing Interview Summaries, 40

4.3.3 Step Three: Developing a Thematic Schema, 42

4.3.4 Step Four: Developing an Advanced Schema, 44

4.3.5 Step Five: Making Conclusions, 47

4.4 The Benefits of a Complete Analysis, 49

4.5 Conclusion, 50

5 Assessing Translated Questions via Cognitive Interviewing 51
Alis´u Schoua-Glusberg and Ana Villar

5.1 Introduction, 51

5.2 Why Use Cognitive Testing in Multilingual Survey Research, 51

5.2.1 Multilingual Research Settings, 52

5.2.2 Instrument Production in Multilingual Settings, 53

5.3 Translation and Translation Assessment Procedures, 54

5.3.1 Team Translation Approaches, 54

5.3.2 Translation Assessment Procedures, 54

5.3.3 Pretesting as Part of Translation Assessment, 55

5.4 Cognitively Testing Translations of Survey Questions, 57

5.4.1 Cognitive Interviewers, 58

5.4.2 Respondent Selection, 58

5.4.3 Introduction, Protocol, and Implementation, 59

5.4.4 Analysis, 59

5.5 Problems Uncovered by Cognitive Testing of Translations, 60

5.5.1 Uncovering Translation Problems, 61

5.5.2 Uncovering Problems with the Source Question, 64

5.5.3 Uncovering Problems Related to Cultural Differences - Need for Adaptation, 65

5.6 Conclusion, 66

6 Conveying Results 69
Valerie Chepp and Paul Scanlon

6.1 Introduction, 69

6.2 Contents of a Cognitive Interviewing Report, 70

6.2.1 Introduction, 70

6.2.2 Summary of Findings, 71

6.2.3 Methods, 73

6.2.4 Question-by-Question Review, 77

6.2.5 Appendix, 80

6.3 Characteristics of a Cognitive Interviewing Report, 80

6.3.1 Transparency, 81

6.3.2 Reflexivity, 82

6.4 Conclusion, 84

7 Case Study: Evaluation of a Sexual Identity Question 85
Kristen Miller and J. Michael Ryan

7.1 Introduction, 85

7.2 Background, 86

7.2.1 Intended Construct for the National Health Interview Survey Sexual Identity Question, 86

7.2.2 Review of Data Quality Problems, 87

7.2.3 Development of an Improved Sexual Identity Question, 89

7.3 Case Study: Cognitive Interviewing Evaluation of the National Health Interview Survey Revised Sexual Identity Question, 93

7.3.1 Recruitment and Respondent Demographics, 93

7.3.2 Interviewing Procedures, 93

7.3.3 Data Analysis, 95

7.4 Case Study Findings, 96

7.4.1 Summary of Question Performance, 96

7.4.2 Basis of Respondents' Answers, 97

7.4.3 Cases of Response Problems, 99

7.4.4 Interpretation of Categories, 100

7.4.5 Study Conclusions, 105

7.5 Conclusion, 106

8 Analysis Software for Cognitive Interviewing Studies: Q-Notes and Q-Bank 107
Justin Mezetin and Meredith Massey

8.1 Introduction, 107

8.2 Q-Notes Analysis Features, 108

8.2.1 Level 1: Conducting Interviews, 108

8.2.2 Level 2: Summarizing Interview Notes, 110

8.2.3 Level 3: Comparing Across Respondents, 112

8.2.4 Level 4: Comparing Across Groups, 115

8.2.5 Level 5: Drawing Conclusions about Question Performance, 118

8.3 Project Management Features, 118

8.3.1 Streamlined Communication, 119

8.3.2 Interview Data Collection, 119

8.3.3 Respondent Descriptors, 121

8.3.4 Controlled Access by Project, 121

8.3.5 Adding Questions, 122

8.3.6 Question Translations, 124

8.3.7 Coding Schemes, 124

8.4 Q-Bank: Making Cognitive Interview Findings Publicly Accessible, 125

8.5 Q-Bank Features, 126

8.5.1 Searching for Questions, 126

8.5.2 Advanced Search, 127

8.5.3 Question Details, 128

8.5.4 Value of Q-Bank, 129

8.6 Q-Bank: Challenges for the Past and Future, 130

8.7 Conclusion, 130

9 Cognitive Interviewing in Mixed Research 133
Isabel Benitez Baena and Jos´e-Luis Padilla

9.1 Introduction, 133

9.2 The Mixed Research Paradigm: Characteristics and Design, 134

9.2.1 Cognitive Interviewing Studies and Research Design, 135

9.3 Mixed Method Research and Survey Question Evaluation, 136

9.3.1 Case 1: Cognitive Interviewing and Survey Field Testing, 137

9.3.2 Case 2: Cognitive Interviewing and Differential Item Functioning (DIF), 145

9.3.3 Case 3: Cognitive Interviewing and Psychometric Scales, 148

9.4 Conclusion, 152

10 Conclusion 153
Kristen Miller, Stephanie Willson, Valerie Chepp, and Jos´e-Luis Padilla

10.1 Introduction, 153

10.2 Summary of Practices, 154

10.2.1 Data Collection, 154

10.2.2 Analysis, 156

10.2.3 Documenting Study Findings, 157

10.3 New Directions, 159

10.3.1 Topics for Examination, 159

10.3.2 Mixed Method Research, 160

10.3.3 Accepted Standards of Cognitive Interviewing Studies, 161

Key Concepts 163

Question Evaluation Resources 167

References 171

Index 181