Computer Principles and Design in Verilog HDL

List of Figures xv

List of Tables xxvii

Foreword xxix

Preface xxxi

1 Computer Fundamentals and Performance Evaluation 1

1.1 Overview of Computer Systems 1

1.2 Basic Structure of Computers 8

1.3 Improving Computer Performance 13

1.4 Hardware Description Languages 16

Exercises 18

2 A Brief Introduction to Logic Circuits and Verilog HDL 19

2.1 Logic Gates 19

2.2 Logic Circuit Design in Verilog HDL 22

2.3 CMOS Logic Gates 25

2.4 Four Levels/Styles of Verilog HDL 28

2.5 Combinational Circuit Design 34

2.6 Sequential Circuit Design 42

Exercises 59

3 Computer Arithmetic Algorithms and Implementations 63

3.1 Binary Integers 63

3.2 Binary Addition and Subtraction 65

3.3 Binary Multiplication Algorithms 74

3.4 Binary Division Algorithms 84

3.5 Binary Square Root Algorithms 95

Exercises 110

4 Instruction Set Architecture and ALU Design 111

4.1 Instruction Set Architecture 111

4.2 MIPS Instruction Format and Registers 117

4.3 MIPS Instructions and AsmSim Tool 118

4.4 ALU Design 136

Exercises 140

5 Single-Cycle CPU Design in Verilog HDL 143

5.1 The Circuits Required for Executing an Instruction 143

5.2 Register File Design 148

5.3 Single-Cycle CPU Datapath Design 154

5.4 Single-Cycle CPU Control Unit Design 160

5.5 Test Program and Simulation Waveform 164

Exercises 166

6 Exceptions and Interrupts Handling and Design in Verilog HDL 170

6.1 Exceptions and Interrupts 170

6.2 Design of CPU with Exception and Interrupt Mechanism 176

6.3 The CPU Exception and Interrupt Tests 187

Exercises 191

7 Multiple-Cycle CPU Design in Verilog HDL 192

7.1 Dividing Instruction Execution into Several Clock Cycles 192

7.2 Multiple-Cycle CPU Schematic and Verilog HDL Codes 198

7.3 Multiple-Cycle CPU Control Unit Design 201

7.4 Memory and Test Program 208

Exercises 211

8 Design of Pipelined CPU with Precise Interrupt in Verilog HDL 212

8.1 Pipelining 213

8.2 Pipeline Hazards and Solutions 219

8.3 The Circuit of the Pipelined CPU and Verilog HDL Codes 225

8.4 Precise Interrupts/Exceptions in Pipelined CPU 240

8.5 Design of Pipelined CPU with Precise Interrupt/Exception 248

Exercises 265

9 Floating-Point Algorithms and FPU Design in Verilog HDL 266

9.1 IEEE 754 Floating-Point Data Formats 266

9.2 Converting between Floating-Point Number and Integer 268

9.3 Floating-Point Adder (FADD) Design 273

9.4 Floating-Point Multiplier (FMUL) Design 290

9.5 Floating-Point Divider (FDIV) Design 302

9.6 Floating-Point Square Root (FSQRT) Design 312

Exercises 321

10 Design of Pipelined CPU with FPU in Verilog HDL 323

10.1 CPU/FPU Pipeline Model 323

10.2 Design of Register File with Two Write Ports 326

10.3 Data Dependency and Pipeline Stalls 328

10.4 Pipelined CPU/FPU Design in Verilog HDL 335

10.5 Memory Modules and Pipelined CPU/FPU Test 345

Exercises 351

11 Memory Hierarchy and Virtual Memory Management 353

11.1 Memory 353

11.2 Cache Memory 359

11.3 Virtual Memory Management and TLB Design 367

11.4 Mechanism of TLB-Based MIPS Memory Management 377

Exercises 384

12 Design of Pipelined CPU with Caches and TLBs in Verilog HDL 386

12.1 Overall Structure of Caches and TLBs 386

12.2 Design of Circuits Related to Caches 387

12.3 Design of Circuits Related to TLB 392

12.4 Design of CPU with Caches and TLBs 400

12.5 Simulation Waveforms of CPU with Caches and TLBs 416

Exercises 424

13 Multithreading CPU and Multicore CPU Design in Verilog HDL 425

13.1 Overview of Multithreading CPUs 425

13.2 Multithreading CPU Design 428

13.3 Overview of Multicore CPUs 434

13.4 Multicore CPU Design 436

Exercises 442

14 Input/Output Interface Controller Design in Verilog HDL 443

14.1 Overview of Input/Output Interface Controllers 443

14.2 Error Detection and Correction 445

14.3 Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter 452

14.4 PS/2 Keyboard/Mouse Interface Design 461

14.5 Video Graphics Array (VGA) Interface Design 466

14.6 Input/Output Buses 483

Exercises 507

15 High-Performance Computers and Interconnection Networks 509

15.1 Category of High-Performance Computers 509

15.2 Shared-Memory Parallel Multiprocessor Systems 510

15.3 Inside of Interconnection Networks 514

15.4 Topological Properties of Interconnection Networks 516

15.5 Some Popular Topologies of Interconnection Networks 518

15.6 Collective Communications 521

15.7 Low-Node-Degree Short-Diameter Interconnection Networks 524

Exercises 535

Bibliography 536

Index 539