Discovering the Hidden Listener

Preface August 1991: The Coup, the White House and Radio Liberty -- Sect. 1. Measuring the Audience to Western Broadcasters in the USSR -- Sect. 2. Trends in Listening to Western Broadcasters in the USSR: 1970-1991 -- 2.1. Early Attempts to Quantify the Audience to Western Radio: The 1970s -- 2.2. Weekly Reach of Western Broadcasters: 1980-1990 -- 2.3. The Impact of Jamming -- 2.4. The Role of Political Events -- 2.5. Trends in Measurement of the "Core Audience" -- 2.6. Listening to Western Broadcasters in Last Years of USSR: 1989-1991 -- 2.7. Western Radio in a Time of Glasnost' -- 2.8. Audience Cumulation Patterns: How Frequently Did Listeners Tune In? -- 2.9. Audience Duplication Patterns in the "Core Audience" -- 2.10. Listening in the Geographic Regions of the USSR: Overall Patterns in 1989 -- 2.11. Shifts in Listening to Radio Liberty After Cessation of Jamming -- 2.12. Listening in Russian and Nationality Languages: RL and VOA -- 2.13. The Overall Annual Audience to Western Radio: 1980-1990 -- 2.14. Comparisons with Internal Surveys to Confirm Audience Estimates -- Sect. 3. Who Were the Listeners and What Did They Hear? -- 3.1. Demographic Characteristics of Listeners to Radio Liberty -- 3.2. Western Radio Listening by Attitudinal Type -- 3.3. Motivations for Listening to Western Radio -- 3.4. Choice of Programming from Radio Liberty -- 3.5. Listeners' Perceptions of Major Western Broadcasters -- Sect. 4. Western Radio's Place in the USSR Media Environment -- 4.1. Information Sources Used for National and International News -- 4.2. Media Use by Demographic Characteristics -- 4.3. Media Use by "FactorTypes" -- 4.4. Trends in Media Use: 1978-1988 -- Sect. 5. Western Radio and Topical Issues. Six Brief Case Studies -- 5.1. The War in Afghanistan: 1979-1989 -- 5.2. The Samizdat Phenomenon: 1970s -- 5.3. The Korean Airliner Incident: 1983 -- 5.4. The Chernobyl Disaster: 1986 -- 5.5. Glasnost' and Perestroika: 1985-1990 -- 5.6. The Solidarity Movement in Poland: 1980-1981 -- Sect. 6. Some Observations on the Impact of Western Broadcasting to the USSR -- 6.1. Large Cold-War Audiences -- 6.2. Widespread Regime Attacks -- 6.3. Effect on USSR Media -- 6.4. Influence on Attitude and Opinion Formation -- 6.5. Summing Up -- Sect. 7. Epilogue. A Comparison of SAAOR Findings with Data from the Archives of the Institute of Sociology of the USSR Academy of Sciences: Late 1970s and Early 1980s -- 7.1. Comparative Listening Rates -- 7.2. Demographic Comparisons -- 7.3. Motivations for Listening, Programs Heard and Trust in Western Information -- 7.4. Western Stations Heard -- 7.5. Conclusions -- App. A. SAAOR Survey Methodology: Interviewing Soviet Travelers -- App. B. The MIT Mass Media Computer Simulation Methodology -- App. C. Data Validation: Comparison of SAAOR Studies with Internal Soviet Studies and Other Data.