Preface xxiii
1 Radio Frequency (RF) Filter Networks for Wireless Communications-The System Perspective 1
Part I Introduction to a Communication System, Radio Spectrum, and Information 1
1.1 Model of a Communication System 1
1.2 Radio Spectrum and its Utilization 6
1.3 Concept of Information 8
1.4 Communication Channel and Link Budgets 10
Part II Noise in a Communication Channel 15
1.5 Noise in Communication Systems 15
1.6 Modulation-Demodulation Schemes in a Communication System 32
1.7 Digital Transmission 39
Part III Impact of System Design on the Requirements of Filter Networks 50
1.8 Communication Channels in a Satellite System 50
1.9 RF Filters in Cellular Systems 62
1.10 Ultra Wideband (UWB) Wireless Communication 66
1.11 Impact of System Requirements on RF Filter Specifications 68
1.12 Impact of Satellite and Cellular Communications on Filter Technology 72
Summary 72
References 72
Appendix 1A 74
Intermodulation Distortion Summary 74
2 Fundamentals of Circuit Theory Approximation 75
2.1 Linear Systems 75
2.2 Classification of Systems 76
2.3 Evolution of Electrical Circuits: A Historical Perspective 77
2.4 Network Equation of Linear Systems in the Time Domain 78
2.5 Network Equation of Linear Systems in the Frequency-Domain Exponential Driving Function 80
2.6 Steady-State Response of Linear Systems to Sinusoidal Excitations 83
2.7 Circuit Theory Approximation 84
Summary 85
References 86
3 Characterization of Lossless Lowpass Prototype Filter Functions 87
3.1 The Ideal Filter 87
3.2 Characterization of Polynomial Functions for Doubly Terminated Lossless Lowpass Prototype Filter Networks 88
3.3 Characteristic Polynomials for Idealized Lowpass Prototype Networks 93
3.4 Lowpass Prototype Characteristics 95
3.5 Characteristic Polynomials versus Response Shapes 96
3.6 Classical Prototype Filters 98
3.7 Unified Design Chart (UDC) Relationships 108
3.8 Lowpass Prototype Circuit Configurations 109
3.9 Effect of Dissipation 113
3.10 Asymmetric Response Filters 115
Summary 118
References 119
Appendix 3A 121
Unified Design Charts 121
4 Computer-Aided Synthesis of Characteristic Polynomials 129
4.1 Objective Function and Constraints for Symmetric Lowpass Prototype Filter Networks 129
4.2 Analytic Gradients of the Objective Function 131
4.3 Optimization Criteria for Classical Filters 134
4.4 Generation of Novel Classes of Filter Functions 136
4.5 Asymmetric Class of Filters 138
4.6 Linear Phase Filters 142
4.7 Critical Frequencies for Selected Filter Functions 143
Summary 144
References 144
Appendix 4A 145
5 Analysis of Multiport Microwave Networks 147
5.1 Matrix Representation of Two-Port Networks 147
5.2 Cascade of Two Networks 160
5.3 Multiport Networks 167
5.4 Analysis of Multiport Networks 169
Summary 174
References 175
6 Synthesis of a General Class of the Chebyshev Filter Function 177
6.1 Polynomial Forms of the Transfer and Reflection Parameters S21(S) and S11(S) for a Two-port network 177
6.2 Alternating Pole Method for the Determination of the Denominator Polynomial E(S) 186
6.3 General Polynomial Synthesis Methods for Chebyshev Filter Functions 189
6.4 Predistorted Filter Characteristics 200
6.5 Transformation for Symmetric Dual-Passband Filters 208
Summary 211
References 211
Appendix 6A 212
Complex Terminating Impedances in Multiport Networks 212
6A.1 Change of Termination Impedance 213
References 213
7 Synthesis of Network-Circuit Approach 215
7.1 Circuit Synthesis Approach 216
7.2 Lowpass Prototype Circuits for Coupled-Resonator Microwave Bandpass Filters 221
7.3 Ladder Network Synthesis 229
7.4 Synthesis Example of an Asymmetric (4-2) Filter Network 235
Summary 244
References 245
8 Synthesis of Networks: Direct Coupling Matrix Synthesis Methods 247
8.1 The Coupling Matrix 247
8.2 Direct Synthesis of the Coupling Matrix 258
8.3 Coupling Matrix Reduction 261
8.4 Synthesis of the N + 2 Coupling Matrix 268
8.5 Even- and Odd-Mode Coupling Matrix Synthesis Technique: the Folded Lattice Array 282
Summary 292
References 293
9 Reconfiguration of the Folded Coupling Matrix 295
9.1 Symmetric Realizations for Dual-Mode Filters 295
9.2 Asymmetric Realizations for Symmetric Characteristics 300
9.3 "Pfitzenmaier" Configurations 301
9.4 Cascaded Quartets (CQs): Two Quartets in Cascade for Degrees Eight and Above 304
9.5 Parallel-Connected Two-Port Networks 306
9.6 Cul-de-Sac Configuration 311
Summary 321
References 321
10 Synthesis and Application of Extracted Pole and Trisection Elements 323
10.1 Extracted Pole Filter Synthesis 323
10.2 Synthesis of Bandstop Filters Using the Extracted Pole Technique 335
10.2.1 Direct-Coupled Bandstop Filters 338
10.2.1.1 Cul-de-Sac Forms for the Direct-Coupled Bandstop Matrix 341
10.3 Trisections 343
10.4 Box Section and Extended Box Configurations 361
Summary 371
References 371
11 Microwave Resonators 373
11.1 Microwave Resonator Configurations 373
11.2 Calculation of Resonant Frequency 376
11.3 Resonator Unloaded Q Factor 383
11.4 Measurement of Loaded and Unloaded Q Factor 387
Summary 393
References 393
12 Waveguide and Coaxial Lowpass Filters 395
12.1 Commensurate-Line Building Elements 395
12.2 Lowpass Prototype Transfer Polynomials 396
12.3 Synthesis and Realization of the Distributed Stepped Impedance Lowpass Filter 401
12.4 Short-Step Transformers 410
12.5 Synthesis and Realization of Mixed Lumped/Distributed Lowpass Filters 411
Summary 425
References 426
13 Waveguide Realization of Single- and Dual-Mode Resonator Filters 427
13.1 Synthesis Process 428
13.2 Design of the Filter Function 428
13.3 Realization and Analysis of the Microwave Filter Network 434
13.4 Dual-Mode Filters 440
13.5 Coupling Sign Correction 442
13.6 Dual-Mode Realizations for Some Typical Coupling Matrix Configurations 444
13.7 Phase- and Direct-Coupled Extracted Pole Filters 447
13.8 The "Full-Inductive" Dual-Mode Filter 450
Summary 454
References 454
14 Design and Physical Realization of Coupled Resonator Filters 457
14.1 Circuit Models for Chebyshev Bandpass Filters 459
14.2 Calculation of Interresonator Coupling 463
14.3 Calculation of Input/Output Coupling 467
14.4 Design Example of Dielectric Resonator Filters Using the Coupling Matrix Model 468
14.5 Design Example of a Waveguide Iris Filter Using the Impedance Inverter Model 475
14.6 Design Example of a Microstrip Filter Using the J-Admittance Inverter Model 478
Summary 483
References 484
15 Advanced EM-Based Design Techniques for Microwave Filters 485
15.1 EM-Based Synthesis Techniques 485
15.2 EM-Based Optimization Techniques 486
15.3 EM-Based Advanced Design Techniques 496
Summary 513
References 514
16 Dielectric Resonator Filters 517
16.1 Resonant Frequency Calculation in Dielectric Resonators 517
16.2 Rigorous Analyses of Dielectric Resonators 521
16.3 Dielectric Resonator Filter Configurations 524
16.4 Design Considerations for Dielectric Resonator Filters 528
16.5 Other Dielectric Resonator Configurations 531
16.6 Cryogenic Dielectric Resonator Filters 534
16.7 Hybrid Dielectric/Superconductor Filters 536
16.8 Miniature Dielectric Resonators 538
Summary 542
References 543
17 Allpass Phase and Group Delay Equalizer Networks 545
17.1 Characteristics of Allpass Networks 545
17.2 Lumped-Element Allpass Networks 547
17.3 Microwave Allpass Networks 551
17.4 Physical Realization of Allpass Networks 554
17.5 Synthesis of Reflection-Type Allpass Networks 557
17.6 Practical Narrowband Reflection-Type Allpass Networks 558
17.7 Optimization Criteria for Allpass Networks 561
17.8 Dissipation Loss 566
17.9 Equalization Tradeoffs 567
Summary 567
References 568
18 Multiplexer Theory and Design 569
18.1 Background 569
18.2 Multiplexer Configurations 571
18.3 RF Channelizers (Demultiplexers) 575
18.4 RF Combiners 581
18.5 Transmit-Receive Diplexers 601
Summary 606
References 607
19 Computer-Aided Diagnosis and Tuning of Microwave Filters 609
19.1 Sequential Tuning of Coupled Resonator Filters 610
19.2 Computer-Aided Tuning Based on Circuit Model Parameter Extraction 615
19.3 Computer-Aided Tuning Based on Poles and Zeros of the Input Reflection Coefficient 619
19.4 Time-Domain Tuning 622
19.5 Filter Tuning Based on Fuzzy Logic Techniques 627
19.6 Automated Setups for Filter Tuning 637
Summary 639
References 640
20 High-Power Considerations in Microwave Filter Networks 643
20.1 Background 643
20.2 High-Power Requirements in Wireless Systems 643
20.3 High-Power Amplifiers (HPAs) 645
20.4 Gas Discharge 645
20.5 Multipaction Breakdown 651
20.6 High-Power Bandpass Filters 662
20.7 Passive Intermodulation (PIM) Consideration for High-Power Equipment 670
Summary 674
Acknowledgment 675
References 675
21 Multiband Filters 679
21.1 Introduction 679
21.2 Approach I: Multiband Filters Realized by Having Transmission Zeros Inside the Passband of a Bandpass Filter 681
21.3 Approach II: Multiband Filters Employing Multimode Resonators 683
21.4 Approach III: Multiband Filters Using Parallel Connected Filters 700
21.5 Approach IV: Multiband Filter Implemented Using Notch Filters Connected in Cascade with a Wideband Bandpass 701
21.6 Use of Dual-Band Filters in Diplexer and Multiplexer Applications 703
21.7 Synthesis of Multiband Filters 705
Summary 727
References 728
22 Tunable Filters 731
22.1 Introduction 731
22.2 Major Challenges in Realizing High-Q 3D Tunable Filters 733
22.3 Combline Tunable Filters 734
22.4 Tunable Dielectric Resonator Filters 752
22.5 Waveguide Tunable Filters 772
22.6 Filters with Tunable Bandwidth 776
Summary 778
References 779
23 Practical Considerations and Design Examples 785
Chandra M. Kudsia, Vicente E. Boria, and Santiago Cogollos
23.1 System Considerations for Filter Specifications in Communication Systems 785
23.2 Filter Synthesis Techniques and Topologies 796
23.3 Multiplexers 827
23.4 High-Power Considerations 839
23.5 Tolerance and Sensitivity Analysis in Filter Design 851
Summary 858
Acknowledgments 858
Appendix 23A 858
Thermal Expansion 858
References 859
A Physical Constants 861
B Conductivities of Metals 863
C Dielectric Constants and Loss Tangents of Some Materials 865
D Rectangular Waveguide Designation 867
E Impedance and Admittance Inverters 869
E.1 Filter Realization with Series Elements 869
E.2 Normalization of the Element Values 872
E.3 General Lowpass Prototype Case 873
E.4 Bandpass Prototype 874
References 878
Index 879
