Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
2 Optical and Microwave Fundamentals 11
2.1 Free Space Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves 11
2.2 Interference 16
2.3 Coherence 17
2.4 Polarization 21
2.5 Refraction and Reflection 27
2.6 Diffraction 31
3 Optical Fibers 35
3.1 Attenuation in Glass Fibers 47
3.1.1 Attenuation Mechanisms in Glass Fibers 48
3.1.2 Attenuation Measurement Techniques 51
3.2 Dispersions in Fibers 55
3.2.1 Dispersion Mechanisms in Fibers 56
3.2.2 Polarization Mode Dispersion in Single-Mode Fibers 63
3.2.3 Joint Action of Dispersion Mechanisms 65
3.2.4 Dispersion Measurement Techniques 68
3.2.5 Partial Dispersion Suppression by Soliton Transmission in Single-Mode Fibers 70
4 Fiber Manufacturing, Cabling and Coupling 75
4.1 Fiber Manufacturing 75
4.1.1 Preparation of a Preform 75
4.1.2 Fiber Drawing 82
4.1.3 Mechanical Properties of Optical Fibers 83
4.1.4 Alternative Fiber Manufacturing Processes 85
4.2 Fiber Cabling 86
4.2.1 Fibers for Telecom and Data Networks 86
4.2.2 Cables: Applications, Operating Conditions and Requirements 94
4.2.3 Fiber Protection and Identification in Cables 100
4.2.4 Indoor Cables 108
4.2.5 Duct Cables 111
4.2.6 Aerial Cables 116
4.2.7 Optical Ground Wires 117
4.2.8 Fiber Cabling Summary 119
4.3 Coupling Elements for Fiber-Optic Systems 119
4.3.1 Light Source-to-Fiber Coupling 120
4.3.2 Fiber-to-Fiber Coupling 126
4.3.3 Fiber-Optic Splices 130
4.3.4 Fiber-Optic Connectors 131
4.3.5 Fiber-Optic Couplers 133
4.3.6 Fiber-Optic Switches 137
4.3.7 Fiber-to-Detector Coupling 137
5 Integrated-Optic Components 139
5.1 Integrated-Optic Waveguides 140
5.2 Integrated-Optic Modulators 141
5.3 Integrated-Optic Polarizers 145
5.4 Integrated-Optic Filters 146
5.5 Losses in Integrated-Optic Devices 148
6 Optical Light Sources and Drains 149
6.1 Semiconductor Light Sources 154
6.1.1 Light Emitting Diodes 156
6.1.2 Semiconductor Lasers 160
6.1.3 Organic Lasers 185
6.2 Semiconductor Light Drains 185
6.2.1 Types of Photodiodes 188
7 Optical Transmitter and Receiver Circuit Design 197
7.1 Optical Transmitter Circuit Design 197
7.2 Optical Receiver Circuit Design 199
7.2.1 Receiver Circuit Concepts 201
7.2.2 Noise in Optical Receivers 206
8 Fiber-Optic Amplifiers 209
8.1 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers 209
8.2 Fiber Raman Amplifiers 211
9 Fiber- and Wireless-Optic Data Transmission 215
9.1 Direct Transmission Systems as Point-to-Point Connections 217
9.1.1 Unidirectional, Bidirectional and Multichannel Systems 225
9.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) Systems 227
9.2.1 Approaches to Increase Channel Capacity 227
9.2.2 Fundamentals of OFDM 229
9.2.3 Implementation Options for Coherent Optical OFDM 230
9.2.4 Nyquist Pulse Shaping as an Alternative to OFDM Systems 232
9.3 Optical Satellite Communications 233
9.3.1 Applications of Optical Satellite Communications 234
9.3.2 Channel Characteristics and Technical Issues 236
9.4 Coherent Transmission Systems 241
9.4.1 Main Principle of Coherent Transmission 241
9.4.2 System Components 245
9.4.3 Modulation Methods for Coherent Transmission Systems 247
9.4.4 Detection and Demodulation Methods for Coherent Transmission Systems 248
9.5 Top Results on Fiber-Optic Transmission Capacity for High-Speed Long Distance 251
9.6 Optical Fibers in Automation Technology 255
9.6.1 Optical Fiber Cables 255
9.6.2 Connectors 257
9.6.3 Network and Network Components 257
10 Last Mile Systems, In-House-Networks, LAN- and MAN-Applications 263
10.1 Last Mile Systems 269
10.1.1 Special Case of Access Network 270
10.1.2 Fiber Access Networks 271
10.1.3 FTTB Networks 275
10.1.4 Point-to-Point FTTH Networks 277
10.1.5 Passive Optical Networks (PON) 280
10.1.6 WDM-PON Networks 285
10.1.7 Upgrade and Migration Issues in FTTH Networks 286
10.1.8 Passive Fiber Plant 288
10.1.9 Development and standardization of FTTH technologies 297
10.1.10 Active Equipment 300
10.1.11 Conclusions 305
10.2 Polymer Optical Fibers, POF 306
10.2.1 Basics of POF 306
10.2.2 Techniques for Data Transmission over POF 312
10.2.3 In-House Communications 319
10.2.4 Communications in Transportation Systems: From Automotive to Spatial 321
10.2.5 Standardization Activities 325
10.3 Radio over Fiber (RoF) Systems 328
10.3.1 Key Enabling Technologies 331
10.3.2 RoF Land Network Design 337
10.3.3 Case Study of the Proposed Design Framework 344
10.3.4 Conclusions 349
10.4 Free Space Optical Communications 349
10.4.1 FSO under Turbulence Conditions 352
10.4.2 System Set-up 356
10.4.3 System Performance under Weak Turbulence 358
10.4.4 FSO Link Evaluation 361
10.4.5 Relation to Outdoor FSO Link 363
10.4.6 FSO under Fog Conditions 364
10.4.7 Characterization of Fog and Smoke Attenuation in a Laboratory Chamber 366
10.4.8 Fog and Smoke Channel - Experiment Set-up 367
10.4.9 Results and Discussion 369
10.4.10 Conclusions 376
10.5 WLAN Systems and Fiber Networks 377
10.5.1 A Historical Perspective on IEEE 802.11 WLANs 380
10.5.2 Relevant Operating Principles of WLAN Systems 386
10.5.3 Hybrid Fiber-Wireless Network Architectures: Wi-Fi-based FiWi Architectures 392
10.6 Energy Efficiency Aspects in Optical Access and Core Networks 399
10.6.1 Energy Efficiency in Current and Next Generation Optical Access Networks 399
10.6.2 Energy Efficient Time Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Networks 400
10.6.3 Energy Efficient Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Networks 406
10.6.4 Spectral and Energy Efficiency Considerations in Single Rate WDM Networks with Signal Quality Guarantee 413
10.6.5 Spectral versus Energy Efficiency in Mixed-Line Rate WDM Systems with Signal Quality Guarantee 420
10.6.6 Results and Discussion 423
11 Optical Data-Bus and Microwave Systems for Automotive Application in Vehicles, Airplanes and Ships 427
11.1 Communication in Transportation Systems 427
11.1.1 Communication Needs in Transportation Systems 428
11.1.2 Communication with Transportation Systems 433
11.1.3 Hybrid Networks for use in Transportation Systems 435
11.2 Radar for Transportation Systems 438
11.2.1 ARVS Main Features 441
11.2.2 Features of ARVS Equipment Construction 446
11.2.3 Main Tasks and Processing Methods of Radar Data in the ARVS 455
11.2.4 Main Problems and Tasks of ARVS Development 460
11.2.5 Conclusions 461
References 463
Index 497
![Binaural Delta Waves : Harness The Power Of Low [2.8 Hz] Frequencies For The Deepest Sleep, Immediate Stress Relief, Inner Peace, And Total Mind-Body Rejuvenation - Purely Sounds Institute](https://www.booktopia.com.au/covers/200/9791223908273/4708/binaural-delta-waves.jpg)
